A Moslem seeker after God : $b showing Islam at its best in the life and teaching of al-Ghazali, mystic and theologian of the eleventh century — Al-Ghazali — John Shaqi
A Moslem seeker after God : $b showing Islam at its best in the life and teaching of al-Ghazali, mystic and theologian of the eleventh century
Al-Ghazali · en
Al-Ghazali’s great work “The Revival of Religious Sciences,” caused
great scandal in Andalusia. There the intolerance of the learned passed
all bounds because of the narrowness of their views. Their theology was
limited to minute knowledge of Canon Law. They had no place for the
religion which Ghazali preached, which was personal and passionate, a
religion of the heart. When he attacked contemporary theologians busy
with questions of legality and the externals of religion, he touched
these pharisees of the law at the quick and they not only squirmed but
screamed loudly. According to Dozy, “the Kady of Cordova, Ibn Hamdin,
declared that any man who read Al-Ghazali’s book was an infidel ripe for
damnation, and he drew up a _fatwa_ condemning all copies of the book to
the flames. This _fatwa_, signed by the _Fakihs_ of Cordova, was formally
approved by ʾAli. Al-Ghazali’s book was accordingly burnt in Cordova
and all the other cities of the Empire, and possession of a copy was
interdicted on pain of death and confiscation of property.”
But this opinion was not shared by Moslems elsewhere. In his lifetime and
especially after his death his works against philosophy and his great
exposition of Islam found ever larger circles of readers and commentators.
He has been accused, and not without good reason, both by Moslem writers
and European critics, of carelessness and inaccuracy in his quotations
and references to other books.[62] One of the charges brought against him
by his assailants is that he falsified Tradition. Macdonald’s judgment
is very charitable when he says that “he quoted from memory too freely,
because he was a man of too large a calibre to watch his quotations and
they were loose to the end of his life.”
As-Subqi in his Tabakat-ash-Shafaʾiya al Kubra devotes a special section
to what is entitled “A List of all the Traditions given by Al-Ghazali
in his _Ihya_ which have no _isnad_, or pedigree, _i. e._, Traditions
_quoted by him as authoritative and yet which from the standpoint of
Moslem criticism are on this account absolutely worthless_.” This section
of the book referred to covers many pages and by actual count I found
over six hundred Traditions each catalogued by reference to the chapter
in which they occur. Now we have no reason to doubt that As-Subqi (d.
771 A. H.) was an admirer of Al-Ghazali and esteemed his teaching, yet
what shall we say when in this collection of the lives of the saints so
strong an indictment is made of Al-Ghazali’s inaccuracy by one of his own
disciples?