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Aristotle and Ancient Educational Ideals

Aristotle · en
{            { Grammar       Moon       Angels.
             { Trivium    { Dialectic     Mercury    Archangels.
             {            { Rhetoric      Venus      Thrones.
LIBERAL ARTS {
             {            { Arithmetic    Sun        Dominions.
             { Quadrivium { Music         Mars       Virtues.
             {            { Geometry      Jupiter    Principalities.
             {            { Astrology     Saturn     Powers.

             { Physics and   } Starry Heaven         Cherubim.
             {  Metaphysics  }
             {
             { Moral Science { Crystalline }         Seraphim.[15]
PHILOSOPHY   {               { Heaven      }
             {
             { Theology        Empyrean              God.

In Dante are summed up the ancient and mediæval systems of education.






BIBLIOGRAPHY


It is not intended here to give a complete Bibliography of Greek
Education, but merely to point the readers of this book, who may desire
to pursue the subject further, to the chief sources of information.


1. ANCIENT WORKS

For the first part of the Hellenic Period, that of the "Old Education,"
our authorities are fragmentary, and often vague. They are the _Iliad_
and _Odyssey_ of Homer, the _Works and Days_ of Hesiod, the fragments of
the pre-Socratic philosophers (collected by Mullach, in his _Fragmenta
Philosophorum Græcorum_, Paris, Didot, 1860-81, 3 vols. 4to), and the
comedies of Aristophanes, especially the _Clouds_. For the second part
of the same period, that of the "New Education," the chief authorities
are the tragedies of Euripides, the _Clouds_ of Aristophanes, the
dialogues of Plato, especially the _Protagoras_, _Lysis_, _Republic_,
and _Laws_, and the _Cyropædia_, _Œconomics_, and _Constitution of
Lacedæmon_ of Xenophon.

For Aristotle's educational doctrines, we are confined for information
to his own works, and, among these, to the _Ethics_ and _Politics_. Of
the latter, the closing chapters of the seventh, and the whole of the
eighth, book deal professedly with education. Some information may also
be gleaned from the recently discovered _Constitution of Athens_.

For the Hellenistic Period, our information is derived chiefly from
inscriptions, from the writings of Philo Judæus, Sextus Empiricus,
Plutarch (_On the Nurture of Children_), Ælian (_Miscellanies_), Lucian
(_Anacharsis_ chiefly), Stobæus, Plotinus, Varro, Cicero, Seneca,
Quintilian (_Education of the Orator_), Martianus Capella (_Nuptials of
Mercury and Philology_), and Cassiodorus, and from stray notices in
other poets, historians, and philosophers.

Of the works referred to, these deserve special mention:--

    1. Aristophanes, _Clouds_. Translations by John Hookham Frere,
    Thomas Mitchell, and W.J. Hickie (in Bohn's Library).

    2. Xenophon, _Cyropædia_. Translation, in _Whole Works translated by
    Ashley Cooper and Others_, Philadelphia, 1842, and by J.S. Watson
    and H. Dale (in Bohn's Library).