Quiver; o'er Caurus now stands all the Wain; And further yonder does the cliff decline.' FOOTNOTES: [375] _Vast abyss_: They are now at the inner side of the Sixth Circle, and upon the verge of the rocky steep which slopes down from it into the Seventh. All the lower Hell lies beneath them, and it is from that rather than from the next circle in particular that the stench arises, symbolical of the foulness of the sins which are punished there. The noisome smells which make part of the horror of Inferno are after this sometimes mentioned, but never dwelt upon (_Inf._ xviii. 106, and xxix. 50). [376] _Pope Anastasius_: The second of the name, elected Pope in 496. Photinus, bishop of Sirenium, was infected with the Sabellian heresy, but he was deposed more than a century before the time of Anastasius. Dante follows some obscure legend in charging Anastasius with heresy. The important point is that the one heretic, in the sense usually attached to the term, named as being in the city of unbelief, is a Pope. [377] _Three small circles_: The Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth; small in circumference compared with those above. The pilgrims are now deep in the hollow cone. [378] _That sight, etc._: After hearing the following explanation Dante no longer asks to what classes the sinners met with belong, but only as to the guilt of individual shades. [379] _Injury_: They have left above them the circles of those whose sin consists in the exaggeration or misdirection of a wholesome natural instinct. Below them lie the circles filled with such as have been guilty of malicious wickedness. This manifests itself in two ways: by violence or by fraud. After first mentioning in a general way that the fraudulent are set lowest in Inferno, Virgil proceeds to define violence, and to tell how the violent occupy the circle immediately beneath them--the Seventh. For division of the maliciously wicked into two classes Dante is supposed to be indebted to Cicero: 'Injury may be wrought by force or by fraud.... Both are unnatural for man, but fraud is the more hateful.'--_De Officiis_, i. 13. It is remarkable that Virgil says nothing of those in the Sixth Circle in this account of the classes of sinners. [380] _To man alone, etc._: Fraud involves the corrupt use of the powers that distinguish us from the brutes.