The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 03 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
For the same reason no man in any cause ought to be received for
arbitrator, to whom greater profit, or honour, or pleasure apparently
ariseth out of the victory of one party, than of the other: for he hath
taken, though an unavoidable bribe, yet a bribe; and no man can be
obliged to trust him. And thus also the controversy, and the condition
of war remaineth, contrary to the law of nature.
[Sidenote: The nineteenth of witnesses.]
And in a controversy of _fact_, the judge being to give no more credit
to one, than to the other, if there be no other arguments, must give
credit to a third; or to a third and fourth; or more: for else the
question is undecided, and left to force, contrary to the law of nature.
These are the laws of nature, dictating peace, for a means of the
conservation of men in multitudes; and which only concern the doctrine
of civil society. There be other things tending to the destruction of
particular men; as drunkenness, and all other parts of intemperance;
which may therefore also be reckoned amongst those things which the law
of nature hath forbidden; but are not necessary to be mentioned, nor are
pertinent enough to this place.
[Sidenote: A rule, by which the laws of nature may easily be examined.]
And though this may seem too subtle a deduction of the laws of nature,
to be taken notice of by all men; whereof the most part are too busy in
getting food, and the rest too negligent to understand; yet to leave all
men inexcusable, they have been contracted into one easy sum,
intelligible even to the meanest capacity; and that is, _Do not that to
another, which thou wouldest not have done to thyself_; which sheweth
him, that he has no more to do in learning the laws of nature, but, when
weighing the actions of other men with his own, they seem too heavy, to
put them into the other part of the balance, and his own into their
place, that his own passions, and self-love, may add nothing to the
weight; and then there is none of these laws of nature that will not
appear unto him very reasonable.
[Sidenote: The laws of nature oblige in conscience always, but in effect
then only when there is security.]
The laws of nature oblige _in foro interno_; that is to say, they bind
to a desire they should take place: but _in foro externo_; that is, to
the putting them in act, not always. For he that should be modest, and
tractable, and perform all he promises, in such time, and place, where
no man else should do so, should but make himself a prey to others, and
procure his own certain ruin, contrary to the ground of all laws of
nature, which tend to nature’s preservation. And again, he that having
sufficient security, that others shall observe the same laws towards
him, observes them not himself, seeketh not peace, but war; and
consequently the destruction of his nature by violence.