The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 03 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
An idol, or mere figment of the brain, may be personated; as were the
gods of the heathen: which by such officers as the state appointed, were
personated, and held possessions, and other goods, and rights, which men
from time to time dedicated, and consecrated unto them. But idols cannot
be authors: for an idol is nothing. The authority proceeded from the
state: and therefore before introduction of civil government, the gods
of the heathen could not be personated.
[Sidenote: The true God.]
The true God may be personated. As he was; first, by Moses; who governed
the Israelites, that were not his, but God’s people, not in his own
name, with _hoc dicit Moses_; but in God’s name, with _hoc dicit
Dominus_. Secondly, by the Son of man, his own Son, our blessed Saviour
Jesus Christ, that came to reduce the Jews, and induce all nations into
the kingdom of his father; not as of himself, but as sent from his
father. And thirdly, by the Holy Ghost, or Comforter, speaking, and
working in the Apostles: which Holy Ghost, was a Comforter that came not
of himself; but was sent, and proceeded from them both.
[Sidenote: A multitude of men, how one person.]
A multitude of men, are made one person, when they are by one man, or
one person, represented; so that it be done with the consent of every
one of that multitude in particular. For it is the _unity_ of the
representer, not the _unity_ of the represented, that maketh the person
_one_. And it is the representer that beareth the person, and but one
person: and _unity_, cannot otherwise be understood in multitude.
[Sidenote: Every one is author.]
And because the multitude naturally is not _one_, but _many_; they
cannot be understood for one; but many authors, of every thing their
representative saith, or doth in their name; every man giving their
common representer, authority from himself in particular; and owning all
the actions the representer doth, in case they give him authority
without stint: otherwise, when they limit him in what, and how far he
shall represent them, none of them owneth more than they gave him
commission to act.
[Sidenote: An actor may be many men made one by plurality of voices.]
And if the representative consist of many men, the voice of the greater
number, must be considered as the voice of them all. For if the lesser
number pronounce, for example, in the affirmative, and the greater in
the negative, there will be negatives more than enough to destroy the
affirmatives; and thereby the excess of negatives, standing
uncontradicted, are the only voice the representative hath.
[Sidenote: Representatives, when the number is even, unprofitable.]