The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 05 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
The second reason that may confirm the distinction of free from
compulsion, and free from necessitation, he says, is that ‘God and good
angels do good necessarily, and yet are more free than we’. This reason,
though I had no need of it, yet I think it so far forth good, as it is
true that God and good angels do good necessarily, and yet are free. But
because I find not in the articles of our faith, nor in the decrees of
our Church, set down in what manner I am to conceive God and good angels
to work by necessity, or in what sense they work freely, I suspend my
sentence in that point; and am content that there may be a freedom from
compulsion, and yet no freedom from necessitation, as hath been proved
in that, that a man may be necessitated to some actions without threats
and without fear of danger. But how he can avoid the consisting together
of freedom and necessity, supposing God and good angels are freer than
men and yet do good necessarily, that we must now examine.
“I confess,” saith he, “that God and good angels are more free than we,
that is, intensively in degree of freedom, not extensively in the
latitude of the object, according to a liberty of exercise, not of
specification.” Again we have here two distinctions that are no
distinctions, but made to seem so by terms invented, by I know not whom,
to cover ignorance, and blind the understanding of the reader. For it
cannot be conceived that there is any liberty greater than for a man to
do what he will, and to forbear what he will. One heat may be more
intensive than another, but not one liberty than another. He that can do
what he will, hath all liberty possible; and he that cannot, has none at
all. Also liberty (as he says the Schools call it) of exercise, which
is, as I have said before, a liberty to do or not to do, cannot be
without a liberty, which they call of specification; that is to say, a
liberty to do or not to do this or that in particular. For how can a man
conceive, that he has liberty to do any thing, that hath not liberty to
do this, or that, or somewhat in particular? If a man be forbidden in
Lent to eat this, and that, and every other particular kind of flesh,
how can he be understood to have a liberty to eat flesh, more than he
that hath no license at all?
You may by this again see the vanity of distinctions used in the
Schools; and I do not doubt but that the imposing of them by authority
of doctors in the Church, hath been a great cause that men have
laboured, though by sedition and evil courses, to shake them off; for,
nothing is more apt to beget hatred, than the tyrannising over man’s
reason and understanding, especially when it is done, not by the
Scripture, but by pretence of learning, and more judgment than that of
other men.