The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 05 (of 11) — Thomas Hobbes — John Shaqi
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 05 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
(_n_) “My second reason against this distinction, of liberty from
compulsion but not from necessitation, is new, and demonstrates clearly
that to necessitate the will by a physical necessity, is to compel the
will so far as the will is capable of compulsion; and that he who doth
necessitate the will to evil after that manner, is the true cause of
evil, and ought rather to be blamed than the will itself. But T. H., for
all he saith he is not surprised, can be contented upon better advise to
steal by all this in silence. And to hide this tergiversation from the
eyes of the reader, he makes an empty shew of braving against that
famous and most necessary distinction, between the _elicite_ and
_imperate_ acts of the will; first, because the terms are _improper_;
secondly, because they are _obscure_. What trivial and grammatical
objections are these, to be used against the universal current of
divines and philosophers. _Verborum ut nummorum_, it is in words as it
is in money: use makes them proper and current. A _tyrant_ at first
signified a lawful and just prince; now, use hath quite changed the
sense of it, to denote either a usurper or an oppressor. The word
_præmunire_ is now grown a good word in our English laws, by use and
tract of time; and yet at first it was merely mistaken for a
_præmonere_. The names of Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, were derived at first
from those heathenish deities, the Sun, the Moon, and the warlike god of
the Germans. Now we use them for distinction sake only, without any
relation to their first original. He is too froward, that will refuse a
piece of coin that is current throughout the world, because it is not
stamped after his own fancy. So is he that rejects a good word, because
he understands not the derivation of it. We see foreign words are daily
naturalized and made free denizens in every country. But why are the
terms improper? ‘Because,’ saith he, ‘it attributes command, and
subjection to the faculties of the soul, as if they made a commonwealth
or family among themselves, and could speak one to another.’ Therefore,
he saith, (_o_) they who invented this term of _actus imperatus_,
understood not anything what it signified. No; why not? It seemeth to
me, they understood it better than those who except against it. They
knew there are _mental terms_, which are only conceived in the mind, as
well as _vocal terms_, which are expressed with the tongue. They knew,
that howsoever a superior do intimate a direction to his inferior, it is
still a command. Tarquin commanded his son by only striking off the tops
of the poppies, and was by him both understood and obeyed. Though there
be no formal commonwealth or family either in the body or in the soul of
man, yet there is a subordination in the body, of the inferior members
to the head; there is a subordination in the soul, of the inferior
faculties to the rational will. Far be it from a reasonable man so far