The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 05 (of 11)
Thomas Hobbes · en
None of these denied that God is the cause of all motion and action, or
that God is the cause of all laws; and yet they were never forced to
say, that God is the cause of sin.
(_o_) “‘They who invented this term of _actus imperatus_, understood
not’, he saith, ‘any thing what it signified.’ No? Why not? It seemeth
to me, they understood it better than those who except against it. They
knew there are _mental terms_, which are only conceived in the mind, as
well as _vocal terms_, which are expressed with the tongue, &c.” In this
place the Bishop hath discovered the ground of all his errors in
philosophy, which is this; that he thinketh, when he repeateth the words
of a proposition in his mind, that is, when he fancieth the words
without speaking them, that then he conceiveth the things which the
words signify: and this is the most general cause of false opinions. For
men can never be deceived in the conceptions of things, though they may
be, and are most often deceived by giving unto them wrong terms or
appellations, different from those which are commonly used and
constituted to signify their conceptions. And therefore they that study
to attain the certain knowledge of the truth, do use to set down
beforehand all the terms they are to express themselves by, and declare
in what sense they shall use them constantly. And by this means, the
reader having an idea of every thing there named, cannot conceive amiss.
But when a man from the hearing of a word hath no idea of the thing
signified, but only of the sound and of the letters whereof the word is
made, which is that he here calleth _mental terms_, it is impossible he
should conceive aright, or bring forth any thing but absurdity; as he
doth here, when he says, “that when Tarquin delivered his commands to
his son by only striking off the tops of the poppies, he did it by
_mental terms_”; as if to strike off the head of a poppy, were a mental
term. It is the sound and the letters, that maketh him think _elicitus_
and _imperatus_ somewhat. And it is the same thing that makes him say,
for think it he cannot, that to will or choose, is drawn, or allured, or
fetched out of the power to will. For drawing cannot be imagined but of
bodies; and therefore to will, to speak, to write, to dance, to leap, or
any way to be moved, cannot be said intelligibly to be _drawn_, much
less to be drawn out of a power, that is to say, out of an ability; for
whatsoever is drawn out, is drawn out of one place into another. He that
can discourse in this manner in philosophy, cannot probably be thought
able to discourse rationally in any thing.