Because _hortation_ and _dehortation_ concern the commonwealth, and are drawn from the elements of good and evil; as we have spoken of them already in the _abstract_, so we must speak of them also in the _concrete_, that is, of what is good or evil to each sort of commonwealth in special. The government of a commonwealth is either _democracy_, or _aristocracy_, or _oligarchy_, or _monarchy_. _Democracy_ is that, wherein all men with equal right are preferred to the highest magistracy by lot. _Aristocracy_ is that, wherein the highest magistrate is chosen out of those that have had the best education, according to what the laws prescribe for best. _Oligarchy_ is that, where the highest magistrate is chosen for wealth. _Monarchy_ is that, wherein one man hath the government of all; which government, if he limit it by law, is called _kingdom_; if by his own will, _tyranny_. The end of _democracy_, or the people’s government, is _liberty_. The end of _oligarchy_, is the _riches of those that govern_. The end of _aristocracy_, is _good laws_ and _good ordering of the city_. The end of _monarchy_ or _kings_, is _the safety of the people and conservation of his own authority_. _Good_ therefore in each sort of government, is that which conduceth to these their ends. And because _belief_ is not gotten only by _proofs_, but also from _manners_; the _manners_ of each sort of commonwealth ought to be well understood by him that undertaketh to persuade or dissuade in matter of state. Their _manners_ may be known by their _designs_; and their _designs_ by their _ends_; and their _ends_ by what we see them take _pleasure_ in. But of this more accurately in the politics. ========== CHAPTER IX. OF THE COLOURS OF HONOURABLE AND DISHONOURABLE. In a demonstrative oration, the subject whereof is _praise_ or _dispraise_, the proofs are to be drawn from the elements of _honourable_ and _dishonourable_. In this place we anticipate the second way of getting _belief_; which is from the _manners_ of the speaker. For _praise_, whether it come in as the principal business, or upon the by, depends still upon the same _principles_; which are these: _Honourable_, is that which we love for itself, and is withal laudable; and that _good_, which pleaseth us only because it is good; and virtue. _Virtue_ is the faculty of getting and preserving that which is good; and the faculty of doing many and great things well. The kinds of it are these: 1. _Justice_, which is a virtue whereby every man obtains what by law is his. 2. _Fortitude_, which is a virtue by which a man carries himself honourably and according to the laws, in time of danger. 3. _Temperance_, which is a virtue whereby a man governs himself in matter of pleasure according to the law. 4. _Liberality_, which is a virtue by which we benefit others in matter of money.