The men _before whom_ we are ashamed, are such as we respect: namely, those that admire us. And those whom we desire should admire us. And those whom we admire. Those that contend with us for honour. Those whose opinion we contemn not. And therefore men are most ashamed in the presence: of old and well bred men. Of those we are always to live with. Of those that are not guilty of the same fault. Of those that do not easily pardon. And of those that are apt to reveal our faults; such as are men injured, backbiters, scoffers, comic poets. And of those before whom we have had always good success. And of those who never asked anything of us before. And of such as desire our friendship. And of our familiars, that know none of our crimes. And of such as will reveal our faults to any of those that are named before. But in the presence of such whose judgment most men despise, men are not ashamed. Therefore we are ashamed also in the presence of those whom we reverence. And of those who are concerned in our own, or ancestors', or kinsfolk’s, actions or misfortunes, if they be shameful. And of their rivals. And of those that are to live with them that know their disgrace. The _common opinions_ concerning _impudence_, are taken from the contrary of these. ========== CHAPTER IX. OF GRACE OR FAVOUR. _Grace_ is that virtue, by which a man is said to do a good turn or to do service to a man in need, not for his own, but for his cause to whom he does it. _Great_ grace is when the need is great; or when they are hard or difficult things that are conferred; or when the time is seasonable; or when he that confers the _favour_, is the only or first man that did it. _Need_ is a desire, joined with grief, for the absence of the thing desired. _Grace_ therefore it is not, if it be done to one that needs not. Whosoever therefore would prove that he has done a _grace_ or _favour_, must show that he needeth it to whom it was done. _Grace_ it is not, which is done by chance. Nor which is done by necessity. Nor which has been requited. Nor that which is done to one’s enemy. Nor that which is a trifle. Nor that which is nought, if the giver know the fault. And in this manner a man may go over the predicaments, and examine a benefit, whether it be a _grace_ for being _this_, or for being _so much_, or for being _such_, or for being _now_, &c. ========== CHAPTER X. OF PITY OR COMPASSION. _Pity_ is a perturbation of the mind, arising from the apprehension of hurt or trouble to another that doth not deserve it, and which he thinks may happen to himself or his.