The first is, when there is doubtfulness in the frame of speech; as thus, _if any obey not our word by a letter, note him_: where some refer _by a letter_, to the first part of the sentence, and some to the latter; where the signification of the word and right pointing doth show that it must be referred to the first. The answer is, that the right and wise placing of the sentence is perverted. Unapt setting down of the reason, is when the parts of the question and the reasons entreated, are not set down in fit words: as, _All sin is evil._ _Every child of God doth sin._ _Therefore every child of God is evil._ Here the answer according to logic, is that the assumption doth not take the argument out of the proposition, but putteth in another thing; and so it is no right frame of concluding, as appeareth by the definition of the assumption. Hitherto of the deceits of reason, which lie in _words_. Now of the default of logic, called _sophism_. It is either _general_ or _special_. The _general_ are those which cannot be referred to any _part of logic_. They are either begging of the question, called the petition of the principle; or bragging of no proof. Begging of the question, is when nothing is brought to prove but the question, or that which is doubtful: as, _That righteousness, which is both by faith and works, doth justify._ _But this righteousness, is inherent righteousness_: Ergo. Here the proposition in effect is nothing but a question. _If together with the blood of Christ, we must make perfect satisfaction for our sins before we come to heaven; then there must be purgatory for them that die without perfection._ _But the first is so_: Ergo. Where the argument they bring is as doubtful, and needeth as much proof, as the question. The answer is this, out of the definition of the syllogism; that there is no new argument invented; therefore it cannot be a certain frame of concluding. Bragging of no proof, is when that which is brought is too much, called _redounding_. It is either impertinent to another matter, called _heterogenium_; or a vain repetition, called _tautologia_. Impertinent, or not to the purpose, is when anything is brought for a proof, which is nothing near to the matter in hand; whereunto the common proverb giveth answer, _I ask you of cheese, you answer me of chalk_. A vain repetition, is when the same thing in effect, though not in words, is repeated; as they that after a long time of prayer say, _Let us pray_. And this fallacy our Saviour Christ (Matt. vi. 5) condemneth in prayer. And this is a fault in method. _Special_ are those, which may be referred to certain parts of logic, and they are of two sorts. Such as are referred to the spring of reasons, called _invention_; or to judgment. Those referred to invention, are when anything is put for a reason, which is not; as no cause for a cause, no effect for an effect; and so of the rest.