=As regards speculation negative only.=[317]--“Speculation” here signifies the theoretical, as opposed to the practical.[318] The qualifying phrase is in line with other passages of the second edition, in which it is emphasised that the conclusions of the _Critique_ are positive in their practical (moral) bearing.[319] =Transcendental=--=transcendent.=[320]--Kant was the first to distinguish between these two terms. In the scholastic period, in which they first appear, they were exactly synonymous, the term transcendent being the more usual. The verb, to transcend, appears in Augustine in its widest metaphysical sense. “Transcende et te ipsum.” “Cuncta corpora transcenderunt [Platonici] quaerentes Deum; omnem animam mutabilesque omnes spiritus transcenderunt quaerentes summum Deum.”[321] The first employment of the term in a more specific or technical sense occurs in a treatise, _De natura generis_, falsely ascribed to Thomas Aquinas. In this treatise _ens_, _res_, _aliquid_, _unum_, _bonum_, _verum_ are entitled _transcendentia_. To understand the meaning in which the word is here used, we have, it would seem,[322] to take account of the influence exercised upon Aquinas by a mystical work of Arabian origin, entitled _De causis_. It contained reference to the Neo-Platonic distinction between the Aristotelian categories, which the Neo-Platonists regarded as being derivative, and the more universal concepts, _ens_, _unum_, _verum_, _bonum_. To these latter concepts Aquinas gave a theological application. _Ens_ pertains to essence, _unum_ to the person of the Father, _verum_ to the person of the Son, _bonum_ to the person of the Holy Ghost. In the _De natura generis_ the number of these supreme concepts is increased to six by the addition of _res_ and _aliquid_, and as just stated the title _transcendentia_ is also now applied for the first time. In this meaning the term transcendent and its synonym transcendental are of frequent occurrence in Scholastic writings. The _transcendentia_ or _transcendentalia_ are those concepts which so transcend the categories as to be themselves predicable of the categories. They are the “_termini vel proprietates rebus omnibus cuiusque generis convenientes_.” Thus Duns Scotus speaks of _ens_ as the highest of the “_transcendental_” concepts. The term also occurs in a more or less similar sense in the writings of Campanella, Giordano Bruno, Francis Bacon, and Spinoza. The last named gives a psychological explanation of the “termini _Transcendentales_ ... ut Ens, Res, Aliquid” as standing for ideas that are in the highest degree confused owing to the multiplicity of the images which have neutralised one another in the process of their generation.[323] Berkeley also speaks of the “transcendental maxims” which lie outside the field of mathematical enquiry, but which influence all the particular sciences.[324] Evidently the term has become generalised beyond its stricter scholastic meaning.