A Commentary to Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason' — Kant — John Shaqi
A Commentary to Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason'
Kant · en
“In accordance with the testimony of inner sense, changes are
something real. But they are only possible on the assumption of
time. Time is, therefore, something real which belongs to the
determinations of things in themselves. Why, said I to myself, do
we not argue in a parallel manner: ‘Bodies are real, in accordance
with the outer senses. But bodies are possible only under the
condition of space. Space is, therefore, something objective and
real which inheres in the things themselves.’ The cause [of this
differential treatment of space and of time] is the observation
that in respect to outer things we cannot infer from the reality of
representations the reality of their objects, whereas in inner
sense the thought or the existing of the thought and of myself are
one and the same. Herein lies the key to the difficulty.
Undoubtedly I must think my own state under the form of time, and
the form of the inner sensibility consequently gives me the
appearance of changes. Now I do not deny that changes are something
real any more than I deny that bodies are something real, but I
thereby mean only that something real corresponds to the
appearance. I may not even say the inner appearance undergoes
change (_verändere sich_), for how could I observe this change
unless it appeared to my inner sense? _To the objection that this
leads to the conclusion that all things in the world objectively
and in themselves are unchangeable, I would reply that they are
neither changeable nor unchangeable._ As Baumgarten states in § 18
of his _Metaphysica_, the absolutely impossible is hypothetically
neither possible nor impossible, since it cannot be mentally
entertained under any condition whatsoever; so in similar manner
_the things of the world are objectively or in themselves neither
in one and the same state nor in different states at different
times, for thus understood [viz. as things in themselves] they are
not represented in time at all_.”[547]