As to time, men have got into an
inextricable maze by releasing it from the laws that govern sense
knowledge, and what is more, transporting it beyond the confines of
the world to the Being that dwells there, as a condition of His
very existence. They thus torment their souls with absurd
questions, for instance, why God did not fashion the world many
centuries earlier. They persuade themselves that it is easily
possible to conceive how God may discern present things, _i.e._
what is actual in the time in which He is. But they consider that
it is difficult to comprehend how He should foresee the things
about to be, _i.e._ the actual in the time in which He is not yet.
They proceed as if the existence of the Necessary Being descended
successively through all the moments of a supposed time, and having
already exhausted part of His duration, foresaw the eternal life
that still lies before Him together with the events which [will]
occur simultaneously [with that future life of His]. All these
speculations vanish like smoke when the notion of time has been
rightly discerned.”
The references in B 71-2 to the intuitive understanding are among the
many signs of Kant’s increased preoccupation, during the preparation of
the second edition, with the problems which it raises. Such
understanding is not sensuous, but intellectual; it is not derivative,
but original; the object itself is created in the act of intuition. Or,
as Kant’s position may perhaps be more adequately expressed, all of
God’s activities are creative, and are inseparable from the non-sensuous
intuition whereby both they and their products are apprehended by Him.
Kant’s reason for again raising this point may be Mendelssohn’s
theological defence of the reality of space in his
_Morgenstunden_.[619] Mendelssohn has there argued that just as
knowledge of independent reality is confirmed by the agreement of
different senses, and is rendered the more certain in proportion to the
number of senses which support the belief, so the validity of our
spatial perceptions is confirmed in proportion as men are found to agree
in this type of experience with one another, with the animals, and with
angelic beings. Such inductive inference will culminate in the proof
that even the Supreme Being apprehends things in this same spatial
manner.[620] Kant’s reply is that however general the intuition of space
may be among finite beings, it is sensuous and derivative, and therefore
must not be predicated of a Divine Being. For obvious reasons Kant has
not felt called upon to point out the inadequacy of this inductive
method to the solution of Critical problems. In A 42 Kant, arguing that
our forms of intuition are subjective, claims that they do not
necessarily belong to all beings, though they must belong to all
men.[621] He is quite consistent in now maintaining[622] that their