The colleges, of whose inner working we have tried to give a picture, are
classed as religious corporations in the collections of the inscriptions.
They bear the name of a god, and they provide a solemn interment for their
members. But in these respects they do not differ from many other colleges
which are regarded as purely secular. The truth is, that any attempt to
make a sharp division of these societies on such lines seems futile.
Sepulture and religion being admitted by the government as legitimate
objects for association, any college, however secular in its tone, might,
and probably would, screen itself under sacred names. Nor would this be
merely a hypocritical pretence. It is clear that many of the purely
industrial colleges, composed as they were of poor people who found it
impossible to purchase a separate burial-place, and not easy, unaided, to
bear the expense of the last rites, at once consulted their convenience,
and gratified the sentiment of fraternity, by arranging for a common place
of interment. And with regard to religion, it is a commonplace to point
out that all Graeco-Roman societies, great or small, rested on religion.
The state, the clan, the family, found their ideal and firmest bond in
reverence for divine or heroic ancestors, a reverent piety towards the
spirits who had passed into the unseen world. The colleges, as we shall
see presently, were formed on the lines of the city which they almost
slavishly imitated.(1465) It would be strange and anomalous if they should
desert their model in that which was its most original and striking
characteristic. And just as Cleisthenes found divine and heroic patrons
for his new tribes and demes,(1466) so would a Roman college naturally
place itself under the protection of one of the great names of the Roman
pantheon. Sometimes, no doubt, there may not have been much sincerity in
this conformity to ancient pieties. But do we need to remind ourselves how
long a life the form of ancient pieties may have, even when the faith
which gave birth to them has become dim and faint?