A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive, 7th Edition, Vol. I — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive, 7th Edition, Vol. I
John Stuart Mill · en
Although, however, Hobbes' theory of Predication, according to the
well-known remark of Leibnitz, and the avowal of Hobbes himself,[18]
renders truth and falsity completely arbitrary, with no standard but the
will of men, it must not be concluded that either Hobbes, or any of the
other thinkers who have in the main agreed with him, did in fact
consider the distinction between truth and error as less real, or
attached less importance to it, than other people. To suppose that they
did so would argue total unacquaintance with their other speculations.
But this shows how little hold their doctrine possessed over their own
minds. No person, at bottom, ever imagined that there was nothing more
in truth than propriety of expression; than using language in conformity
to a previous convention. When the inquiry was brought down from
generals to a particular case, it has always been acknowledged that
there is a distinction between verbal and real questions; that some
false propositions are uttered from ignorance of the meaning of words,
but that in others the source of the error is a misapprehension of
things; that a person who has not the use of language at all may form
propositions mentally, and that they may be untrue, that is, he may
believe as matters of fact what are not really so. This last admission
cannot be made in stronger terms than it is by Hobbes himself;[19]
though he will not allow such erroneous belief to be called falsity, but
only error. And he has himself laid down, in other places, doctrines in
which the true theory of predication is by implication contained. He
distinctly says that general names are given to things on account of
their attributes, and that abstract names are the names of those
attributes. "Abstract is that which in any subject denotes the cause of
the concrete name.... And these causes of names are the same with the
causes of our conceptions, namely, some power of action, or affection,
of the thing conceived, which some call the manner by which anything
works upon our senses, but by most men they are called _accidents_."[20]
It is strange that having gone so far, he should not have gone one step
farther, and seen that what he calls the cause of the concrete name, is
in reality the meaning of it; and that when we predicate of any subject
a name which is given _because_ of an attribute (or, as he calls it, an
accident), our object is not to affirm the name, but, by means of the
name, to affirm the attribute.