A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive, 7th Edition, Vol. II
John Stuart Mill · en
In a former place,[31] it has been explained in some detail what is
meant by the Kinds of objects; those classes which differ from one
another not by a limited and definite, but by an indefinite and unknown,
number of distinctions. To this we have now to add, that every
proposition by which anything is asserted of a Kind, affirms an
uniformity of coexistence. Since we know nothing of Kinds but their
properties, the Kind, to us, _is_ the set of properties by which it is
identified, and which must of course be sufficient to distinguish it
from every other kind.[32] In affirming anything, therefore, of a Kind,
we are affirming something to be uniformly coexistent with the
properties by which the kind is recognised; and that is the sole meaning
of the assertion.
Among the uniformities of coexistence which exist in nature, may hence
be numbered all the properties of Kinds. The whole of these, however,
are not independent of causation, but only a portion of them. Some are
ultimate properties, others derivative; of some, no cause can be
assigned, but others are manifestly dependent on causes. Thus, pure
atmospheric air is a Kind, and one of its most unequivocal properties is
its gaseous form: this property, however, has for its cause the presence
of a certain quantity of latent heat; and if that heat could be taken
away (as has been done from so many gases in Faraday's experiments), the
gaseous form would doubtless disappear, together with numerous other
properties which depend on, or are caused by, that property.