A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (Vol. 1 of 2)
John Stuart Mill · en
The only adequate definition of a name is, as already remarked, one which
declares the facts, and the whole of the facts, which the name involves in
its signification. But with most persons the object of a definition does
not embrace so much; they look for nothing more, in a definition, than a
guide to the correct use of the term—a protection against applying it in a
manner inconsistent with custom and convention. Anything, therefore, is to
them a sufficient definition of a term, which will serve as a correct
index to what the term _de_notes; although not embracing the whole, and
sometimes, perhaps, not even any part, of what it connotes. This gives
rise to two sorts of imperfect, or unscientific definition; namely,
Essential but incomplete Definitions, and Accidental Definitions, or
Descriptions. In the former, a connotative name is defined by a part only
of its connotation; in the latter, by something which forms no part of the
connotation at all.
An example of the first kind of imperfect definitions is the
following:—Man is a rational animal. It is impossible to consider this as
a complete definition of the word Man, since (as before remarked) if we
adhered to it we should be obliged to call the Houyhnhms men; but as there
happen to be no Houyhnhms, this imperfect definition is sufficient to mark
out and distinguish from all other things, the objects at present denoted
by “man;” all the beings actually known to exist, of whom the name is
predicable. Though the word is defined by some only among the attributes
which it connotes, not by all, it happens that all known objects which
possess the enumerated attributes, possess also those which are omitted;
so that the field of predication which the word covers, and the employment
of it which is conformable to usage, are as well indicated by the
inadequate definition as by an adequate one. Such definitions, however,
are always liable to be overthrown by the discovery of new objects in
nature.