A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (Vol. 1 of 2) — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (Vol. 1 of 2)
John Stuart Mill · en
This kind of imperfect definition, however, takes its rise from the same
cause as the other, namely, the willingness to accept as a definition
anything which, whether it expounds the meaning of the name or not,
enables us to discriminate the things denoted by the name from all other
things, and consequently to employ the term in predication without
deviating from established usage. This purpose is duly answered by stating
any (no matter what) of the attributes which are common to the whole of
the class, and peculiar to it; or any combination of attributes which may
happen to be peculiar to it, though separately each of those attributes
may be common to it with some other things. It is only necessary that the
definition (or description) thus formed, should be _convertible_ with the
name which it professes to define; that is, should be exactly co-extensive
with it, being predicable of everything of which it is predicable, and of
nothing of which it is not predicable; although the attributes specified
may have no connexion with those which mankind had in view when they
formed or recognised the class, and gave it a name. The following are
correct definitions of Man, according to this test: Man is a mammiferous
animal, having (by nature) two hands (for the human species answers to
this description, and no other animal does): Man is an animal who cooks
his food: Man is a featherless biped.
What would otherwise be a mere description, may be raised to the rank of a
real definition by the peculiar purpose which the speaker or writer has in
view. As was seen in the preceding chapter, it may, for the ends of a
particular art or science, or for the more convenient statement of an
author’s particular doctrines, be advisable to give to some general name,
without altering its denotation, a special connotation, different from its
ordinary one. When this is done, a definition of the name by means of the
attributes which make up the special connotation, though in general a mere
accidental definition or description, becomes on the particular occasion
and for the particular purpose a complete and genuine definition. This
actually occurs with respect to one of the preceding examples, “Man is a
mammiferous animal having two hands,” which is the scientific definition
of man considered as one of the species in Cuvier’s distribution of the
animal kingdom.