A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (Vol. 1 of 2)
John Stuart Mill · en
By what rule is any one to decide between one theory of this description
and another? The theorists do not direct us to any external evidence; they
appeal, each to his own subjective feelings. One says, the succession C,
B, appears to me more natural, conceivable, and credible _per se_ than the
succession A, B; you are therefore mistaken in thinking that B depends
upon A; I am certain, though I can give no other evidence of it, that C
comes in between A and B, and is the real and only cause of B. The other
answers—the successions C, B, and A, B, appear to me equally natural and
conceivable, or the latter more so than the former: A is quite capable of
producing B without any other intervention. A third agrees with the first
in being unable to conceive that A can produce B, but finds the sequence
D, B, still more natural than C, B, or of nearer kin to the subject
matter, and prefers his D theory to the C theory. It is plain that there
is no universal law operating here, except the law that each person’s
conceptions are governed and limited by his individual experience and
habits of thought. We are warranted in saying of all three, what each of
them already believes of the other two, namely, that they exalt into an
original law of the human intellect and of outward nature, one particular
sequence of phenomena, which appears to them more natural and more
conceivable than other sequences, only because it is more familiar. And
from this judgment I am unable to except the theory, that Volition is an
Efficient Cause.