In the second of the two examples, "_Unless_ the ship had been well manned, it would have been lost," the contrivance is the same, with a mere change of position. _Unless_, is a word of the same import, rather the same word, as _else_. _Unless_ is PREFIXED to the _conditioning_ predication, whereas _else_ is SUFFIXED; and that is the difference.[67] The word _except_, which signifies _take_ {219} _away_, may be substituted for _unless_. A peculiar application of _if_ (_give_) may here also be exemplified. _If_ with the negative, (_if not_,) has a similar signification with unless, except; "_If_ the ship had not been well manned, &c." [Findlater's footnote 67: _Unless_ is simply _on less_, corresponding to Fr. _à moins_, and is equivalent to _if not_.--_F._] Let us now pass to another case. "_Although_ the ship was well manned, it was lost." The two predications may change places, without change of meaning. "The ship was lost, _although_ it was well manned." What (as above) was to be marked by _else_, _unless_, _if not_, _except_, and so on, was the connexion between a cause and its usual effect; that is, the manning of a ship, and the safety of the ship. What is to be marked in this case is the want of connexion between a cause and its usual effect. It is done by similar means. _Although_ is part of an obsolete verb, _to allow_, _to grant_.[68] The two predications are: "The ship was well manned," "The ship was lost." I want to mark between my two predications not only a connexion, that of the antecedence and consequence of the predicated events, but the existence of a consequent differing from that by which the antecedent is usually followed. _Although_, prefixed to the predication of the antecedent event, gives notice of another predication, that of the consequent, and of a consequent differing from that by which the antecedent might have been {220} followed: _Grant_ such an antecedent, such and not such was the consequent. [Findlater's footnote 68: _Although_ is a compound pronominal adverb resembling Lat. _tamen_, and means "(the case being) quite thus (yet)."--_F._] The same connection is marked by other conjunctions. "The ship was well manned, _nevertheless_ it was lost." _Nevertheless_, means _not less for that_.[69] "_Notwithstanding_ the ship was well manned, it was lost." _Notwithstanding_, is, _not being able to prevent_, _maugre_, _in spite of_. The resolution of the above sentences is obvious. "The ship was well manned, _yet_ it was lost." _Yet_ is the verb _get_, and has here the force of _although_, _grant_. "The ship was well manned, _yet_ (or got, that being got, had, granted) it was lost."[70] "The ship was well manned, _still_, it was lost." _Still_ is part of an obsolete verb, _to put_, _to fix_, _to establish_. "The ship was well manned, _still_ (that put, that supposed) it was lost."[71]