The free-standing crosses of Wales and Cornwall differ from those of Ireland in having heads of much smaller diameter in proportion to the height of the shaft, and bases are the exception rather than the rule. In the Welsh and Cornish crosses figure-sculpture is made altogether subordinate to ornament, whilst in the Irish crosses exactly the reverse is the case. The fronts and backs of the Irish crosses, and sometimes the sides also, are entirely covered with panels of symbolical figure subjects forming a cycle, which does not occur in the illuminated MSS., although evidently borrowed from a Byzantine source. The subordination of ornament to figure subjects on the Irish crosses shows that they are further removed from the MSS. than the Welsh, Cornish, and Scottish crosses, and therefore of later date. The free-standing crosses of Scotland seem to belong to the Irish group. The following list gives the best examples of free-standing crosses:— IRELAND Kells Co. Meath. Monasterboice Co. Louth. Termonfechin Co. Louth. Clonmacnois King’s Co. Durrow King’s Co. Castle Dermot Co. Kildare. Moone Abbey Co. Kildare. Kilklispeen Co. Kilkenny. Kilfenora Co. Clare. Drumcliff Co. Sligo. SCOTLAND Iona Argyllshire. Kildalton Islay. Barrochan Renfrewshire. Dupplin Perthshire. WALES Penmon Anglesey. Maen Achyfan Flintshire. Neuadd Siarman Brecknockshire. Llanbadarn Fawr Cardiganshire. Llantwit Major Glamorganshire. Margam ” Carew Pembrokeshire. Nevern ” Penally ” The shafts of the erect free-standing crosses which have just been described are rectangular in section, but there are a few exceptional monuments with shafts of square section or of round section, or partly of square and partly of round section. As an instance of a cross of square section we have the one at Llandough, Glamorganshire. At Llantwit Major, in the same county, is a cylindrical pillar with a vertical groove down one side of it, the use of which has caused much futile speculation amongst antiquaries. The pillar of Eliseg at Valle Crucis, Denbighshire, is round at the bottom and square at the top, thus corresponding in shape to a well-known type of monument which is common in Mercia. These round pillar crosses usually occur in pairs. There are a few unique monuments that cannot be classed with any of those already described, such as the ornamented stone coffin at Govan, Renfrewshire, and the altar tomb at St. Andrews, Fifeshire.