Celtic art in Pagan and Christian times — John Stuart Mill — John Shaqi
Celtic art in Pagan and Christian times
John Stuart Mill · en
The earliest native coinage of Britain belongs to the Iron Age, and
dates from 200 to 150 B.C. Sir John Evans has collected together all
the known facts relating to the numismatics of this period in his
_Coins of the Ancient Britons_, and gives excellent maps showing the
geographical distribution of the finds. Prof. John Rhys, in his _Celtic
Britain_ (p. 19), says:—
“The coinage of Britain had been modelled in the first
instance after that of Gaul, which, in its turn, can be
traced to the Phocæan Greeks of Massilia or Marseilles,
through whom the continental Gauls became acquainted in
the latter part of the fourth century before Christ with
the gold stater of Philip II. of Macedon. This was a fine
coin, weighing 133 grains, and having on one side the head
of Apollo wreathed with laurel, while the other showed a
charioteer in a biga, with Philip’s name underneath. It was
imitated by the Gauls fairly well at first, but as it got
further removed from the original in time and place, the
figures degenerated into very curious and fantastic forms.”
Before the landing of Julius Cæsar in Britain in 55 B.C. the Cantii,
the Dutoriges, the Catuvelauni, and the Trinovantes each had coinages
of their own, but entirely devoid of lettering. The lettered coins
begin with those of Commios, dating from a period some time before 30
B.C., after which come those of his three sons—Tincommios, Verica, and
Eppillos. Prof. J. Rhys[157] says:—
“The coins of Commios, and some of the earlier ones of
Tincommios, continued the degenerate imitations of the
Macedonian stater without showing any Roman influence; but
it was not long after Augustus became emperor, in the year
30, that Tincommios copied the Latin formula, in which the
former styled himself _Augustus Divi Filius_, or the
son of his adoptive father, Julius Cæsar, who had now got to
be officially called _Divus_, or the god. So Tincommios
had inscribed on his money the legend _Tinc. Commi F._,
or even shorter abbreviations, meaning Tincommios son of
Commios; and the grotesque traits derived from the stater
soon disappear in favour of classical designs of various
kinds, proving very distinctly that the influence of Roman
art was beginning to make itself felt in the south of Britain.”
The coins which have been assigned to the Dobunni (although their exact
date, place of issue, and sequence are somewhat doubtful) belong to the
series of the Macedonian stater, and show hardly any trace of Roman
influence. Their probable date[158] seems to be between A.D. 1 and 41.
[157] _Celtic Britain_, p. 25.
[158] _Ibid._, p. 35.