[168] I refer here to defensive works in which the whole of the summit
of the hill is enclosed. These forts are usually of approximately oval
shape, and follow the conformation of the hill.
[169] As, for instance, at Risingham (Habitancum) on the road going
north from the Wall into Scotland, and at Brough and Kirkby Thore on
the road from York to Carlisle, which passes through upper Teesdale,
and thence into the valley of the Eden.
If to the sepulchral deposits and inhabited sites just described
be added all the miscellaneous finds of objects accidentally lost
or purposely concealed, it will be observed that there is hardly
a single county throughout England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland
which cannot show one or two such Late-Celtic finds at least. Some
counties are nevertheless richer than others,[170] as, for instance,
Aberdeen, Forfar, Perth, Ayr, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries, in Scotland;
Antrim, Meath, and Roscommon, in Ireland; Denbighshire, in Wales; and
Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Suffolk, Middlesex,
Kent, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Berks, Wilts, Dorset, Hants, and
Somerset, in England.
[170] _i.e._ have from four to ten localities where Late-Celtic finds
have been made.
EVIDENCE AS TO DATES OF FINDS OF OBJECTS OF THE EARLY IRON AGE IN GREAT
BRITAIN
The finds of objects of the Early Iron Age to which an approximate date
can be assigned are as follows:—
(1) Finds associated with burials of a particular kind.
(2) Finds associated with objects of the Bronze Age.
(3) Finds associated with objects of early Hallstatt type.
(4) Finds associated with fibulæ or other objects of La Tène type.
(5) Finds of objects associated with imported articles of
Græco-Italic fabric.
(6) Finds of objects associated with Ancient British coins.
(7) Finds of objects, (_a_) on Romano-British inhabited or fortified
sites, (_b_) associated with Roman coins, and (_c_) associated
with articles of Roman manufacture.
There are at least three different methods of burial characteristic of
the Late-Celtic period in Great Britain.
(1) Uncremated burials in excavated graves beneath barrows
in which the deceased is generally found with his
chariot and horses, as at Arras, Yorkshire.
(2) Cremated burials in pits without any exterior mound, the
ashes being contained in cinerary urns and the burials
in groups, as at Aylesford, Kent.
(3) Uncremated burials in graves formed of slabs of stone
placed on edge, without any exterior mound, as at
Birdlip, Gloucestershire.
The first class of burials correspond with those at Berru and
Gorge-Meillet, Department of the Marne, and probably belong to the same
period as these earlier Gaulish interments which, from the associated
Greek and Etruscan relics,[171] are known on the Continent to belong to
the third, fourth, and fifth centuries B.C.[172]