As we have seen, this new examination of the question of the
habitability of other worlds by thinking beings presents a new
interest, and the author has been able to escape the usual error
of scientific writers, which consists in supposing that the first
condition of habitability of another world is that it resembles the
Earth. That is always the reasoning of the fish, which would affirm
without an absolutely logical conviction irrefutable to himself that
it is impossible to live outside water. But it seems to us that our
conception of the universe can be even more vast and elevated than that
of the learned German astronomer.
As regards the planetary systems differing from ours, we are no longer
obliged to fall back upon suppositions. We know already with certainty
that our Sun is no exception, as some theoreticians maintained even
quite recently. The discovery is of considerable interest.
It is surely a rather exceptional situation that a sidereal system
consisting of a central sun and one or more bodies gravitating round
it should have its system just in our line of vision so that the
revolution of the bodies which compose it should bring dark bodies
between us and the star and produce a more or less complete eclipse.
Since, on the other hand, such eclipses would be our only means of
proving the existence of these unknown planets (except perturbations
as in the case of Sirius and Procyon), it seems that it would have
been absolutely daring to hope for such a circumstance to discover
solar systems different from ours. Yet this exceptional case occurs in
various parts of the sky. Thus, for example, the variable star Algol
owes its variation of brightness, which reduces it from the second to
the fourth magnitude at intervals of 69 hours, to the interposition of
a body between it and the Earth, and celestial mechanics has already
been able to determine with precision the orbit of this body, its
dimensions and its mass, and even the ellipticity of the Algol sun.
Thus we have here a system of which we know the sun and one enormous
planet whose revolution takes place in 69 hours with a very high
velocity as measured in the spectroscope, a planet still self-luminous,
although less luminous than its sun, as the Earth was long ago, but
a planet in the course of cooling and approximating to the state of
Jupiter.
The star Delta Cephei is in the same case: it is an eclipsing variable
with a period of 129 hours, and its eclipsing planet also revolves in
the plane containing our line of vision. The star U Ophinchi shows a
similar system, and observation has revealed several others.
If therefore chance has brought it about that a certain number of
different solar systems should have been revealed to terrestrial
observation by presenting side views, that is evidence of the existence
of innumerable solar systems disseminated through the depths of space,
and we are no longer reduced to mere conjectures.