[13] See p. 9. [14] Plato: _Phaedo_, translated by F. J. Church. [15] Plato: _Phaedo_, translated by F. J. Church. [16] Plato: _Phaedo_, translated by F. J. Church. [17] See p. 111. [18] Diogenes Laertius. [19] See p. 361 ff. [20] II Corinthians IV, 18. [21] Plato: _Phaedrus_, translated by Jowett. [22] See p. 72. [23] See Chapters viii and ix. [24] See p. 302. [25] Thucydides, I. [26] See _The Funeral Speech_, p. 187. [27] See Chapter XVI, v. _The March of the Ten Thousand_. [28] See Chapter XII, ii. _The Athenian Lady_. [29] For the construction of a Greek drama, see Chapter XIV. [30]See p. 163. [31] See p. 300. [32] See Chapter XIV. [33] See p. 300. [34] See p. 390. [35] See Chapter XV. [36] See in this connection the reference to Praxiteles on p. 222. [37] Author Unknown: From _Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology_, translated by J. W. Mackail. {398} CHAPTER XX THE HELLENISTIC AGE I. THE EXTENT OF GREEK INFLUENCE Alexander was a great conqueror and he won for himself a mighty empire. But that empire did not last, for his successors were unable to hold it together. It would almost seem as if he had crowded into his short reign of barely thirteen years, hero deeds and marvellous exploits, which however much they may have done to enrich tradition and to appeal to the imagination, were hardly of any great permanent value. Alexander, however, did more than create a passing empire; he did more than any other one man to spread the knowledge of Greek civilization over the world. Wherever he passed with his conquering army he founded cities, where he established colonies of Greeks: men who spoke the Greek tongue, who worshipped the Greek gods, who read and loved Greek literature, and who lived according to Greek ideals. Such cities were founded in Egypt, in Asia Minor, in Syria, in Babylonia, in Persia and even in the distant lands till then unknown, further to the mysterious East. {399} But Alexander did yet more to spread Greek civilization than by the founding of cities. All the great ports of the Eastern Mediterranean were in his hands, which meant that Greek merchants were established there, and that the whole commerce of that region was in the hand of Greeks. The history of Greek civilization may be divided into two periods. The first lasted until the days of Alexander; it included the early experiments made by Greek states in the art of governing themselves, the repulse of the Barbarian, the great days of Athens, the disastrous Peloponnesian War. Through all this period Greece was learning how to do things. She was in the making and was creating what was to live as long as men should love what was great, but she was living for herself. This period is called the _Hellenic Period_.