Philip of Macedon, 328; King of Macedonia, 330; policy of, 330; conflict with Greek states, 331 ff.; destroys Thebes, 332; death of, 333 _Philippics_ of Demosthenes, 338, 412 Philosophers; Aristotle, 72, 227, 383 ff., 412; Plato, 380 ff., 412; Pythagoras, 379; Socrates, 361 ff; Thales, 111, 379 Philosophy, Greek, 378 Pindar, 69, 323 Plague in Athens, 297 Plataea; aids Athens before Marathon, 131; battle of, 168 Plato, 57, 194, 225, 226, 228, 363, 367, 371, 373, 374, 375, 377, 380 ff., 412 Plutarch, 75, 90, 93, 96, 154, 156, 158, 172, 177, 178, 180, 181, 185, 186, 284, 298, 304, 309, 310, 314, 336, 337, 345, 346, 389, 412 Pnyx, 210 Polemarch, 94 _Politics_ of Aristotle, 72, 384, 412 Poseidon, 47, 92, 281 Praxiteles, 222, 395 Propylaea, 278 _Protagoras_ of Plato, 225, 412 Ptolemy Philadelphia, 401 Ptolemy Soter, 401 Pyrrha, 42 Pythagoras, 379 Pythian Games, 60 R Religion; Cretan, 13; Greek, 44 ff. _Republic_ of Plato, 226, 381, 412 S Sacred Mysteries, 54 ff., 220 Salamis, 97; battle of, 163 ff. Sappho, 112 Sardis; taken by Cyrus, 116; burnt by Ionians, 123; Persian army at, 138 Schliemann, 23 ff. Science; in Ionia, 111; in Alexandria, 404 ff. Scythia, 118 Senate, Spartan, 78 _Septuagint_, 403 Sicily, 113 Sicilian Expedition, 305 ff. Socrates, 278, 303, 396; early life, 361 ff.; Socrates and the Sophists, 364; Socratic method of teaching, 366; accusations against, 368; trial off 368; _Apology_ of, 368 ff.; death of, 374 ff. Solon; early life of, 96; war over Salamis, 97; Archon, 98; reforms of, 98 ff.; travels of 100; Solon and Croesus, 100 ff. Sophists, 364 Sophocles, 392, 395, 402, 412 Sparta; situation of, 75; government of, 76 ff.; customs, 81 ff.; education, 845.; position of women, 89; aids Athens in expelling Hippias, 107; refusal to join Ionian revolt, 123; refuses immediate help before Marathon, 129; at Thermopylae, 148 ff.; jealousy of Athens, 172 ff.; policy towards Ionian colonies, 174; during Peloponnesian War, 287 ff.; supremacy of, 316 Sphacteria, 301 Statues; _Zeus_ at Olympia, 64; _Hermes_ of Praxiteles, 222; _Athena Promachos_, 279, 284; _Athena Polias_, 280; _Athena Parthenos_, 283; _Sophocles_, 413 Stoa, 193 Strabo, 4 Symposium, 213 _Symposium_ of Plato, 363, 367, 412 Syracuse, 113, 226, 405; battle in harbour of, 312 T Temples, 14, 276 ff.; Athena Nike, 279; Erechtheum, 279; Parthenon, 280 ff.; Paestum, 413 Ten Thousand, March of the, 318 Thales, 111, 379 Theatre, 232 ff. Thebes, 153, 317; early history of, 322; legends of, 324; supremacy of, 325 ff.; defeated by Philip of Macedon, 332; destroyed by Alexander, 346 Themistocles; early life and character, 153; at Artemisium, 150; builds a navy, 155; rivalry with Aristeides, 156; at Salamis, 161 ff.; popularity of, 171 ff.; fortifies Athens, 172; accusations against, 176; ostracized, 177; at the Persian court, 177; death of, 178 Theocritus, 216 Therma, 143 Thermopylae, 148 ff. Theseus, 7, 92, 93; ship of, 9, 374