Such are the vegetable organisms of the Old Red Sandstone and Silurian systems: they are the remains of the ancient marine plants of ancient marine deposits and, as such, lend quite as little support to the development hypothesis as the recent algæ of our existing seas. The case, stated in its most favorable form, amounts simply to this,—that at certain early periods,—represented by the Upper and Lower Silurian and the Old Red deposits,—the seas produced sea-plants; and that, at a certain later period,—that of the Carboniferous system,—the land produced land-plants. But even this, did it stand alone, would be a _too_ favorable statement. I have seen, on one occasion, the fisherman bring up with his nets, far in the open sea, a wild rose-bush, that, though it still bore its characteristic thorns, was encrusted with serpula, and laden with pendulous lobularia. It had been swept from its original habitat by some river in flood, that had undermined and torn down the bank on which it grew; and after floating about, mayhap for months, had become so saturated with water, that it could float no longer. And in that single rose-bush, dragged up to the light and air from its place among Sertularia, Flustra, Serpula, and the deep-sea fucoids, I had as certain an evidence of the existence of the dicotyledonous plant, as if I had all the families of the Rosaecæ before me. Now, we are furnished by the more ancient formations with evidence regarding the existence of a terrestrial vegetation, such as that which the rose-bush in this case supplied. We cannot expect that the proofs should be numerous. In the chart of the Pacific attached to the better editions of “Cook’s Voyages,” there are several notes along the tract of the great navigator, that indicate where, in mid ocean, trees or fragments of trees had been picked up. These entries, however, are but few, though they belong to all the three voyages together: if I remember aright, there are only five entries in all,—two in the Northern, and three in the Southern Pacific. The floating shrub or tree, at a great distance from land, is of rare occurrence in even the present scene of things, though the breadth of land be great, and trees numerous; and in the times of the Silurian and Old Red Sandstone systems, when the breadth of land was apparently _not_ great, and trees and shrubs, in consequence, _not_ numerous, it must have been of rarer occurrence still. We learn, however, from Sir Charles Lyell, that in the “Hamilton group of the United States,—a series of beds that corresponds in many of its fossils with the Ludlow rocks of England,—plants allied to the _Lepidodendra_ of the Carboniferous type are abundant; and that in the lower Devonian strata of New York the same plants occur associated with ferns.” And I am able to demonstrate, from an interesting fossil at present before me, that there existed in the period of the Lower Old Red Sandstone vegetable forms of a class greatly