The History of Chivalry; Or, Knighthood and Its Times, Volume 1 (of 2)
John Stuart Mill · en
Chivalric love took delight in reconciling and joining the opposites of
the world.[242] It was no cold and calculating principle; it abrogated the
distinctions of wealth and rank, and many a knight, whose whole fortune
lay in his prowess, gained the hand of high-born beauty. "How can I
hope," observed a young candidate for chivalry to a lady of high estate,
"how can I hope to find a damsel of noble birth, who will return the
affection of a knight that, ungraced by rank, has only his good sword to
trust to?"--"And why should you not find her?" replied the lady; "are you
not gently born? are you not a handsome youth? have you not eyes to gaze
on her, ears to hear her, feet to move at her will, body and heart to
accomplish loyally her commands? and, possessed of these qualities, can
you doubt to adventure yourself in the service of a lady, however exalted
her rank?"[243]
A squire of low degree often aspired to the hand of a king's daughter:
"And I have seen that many a page
Have become men by marriage."
The intenseness of passion, and the generousness of soul implied in this
state of manners, were sternly opposed by feudal pride and tyranny; but
chivalry could not always beat down the absurd distinctions of society.
When the Countess of Vergy returned the passion of Sir Agolane, she was
obliged to love in secret, lest the dignity of the court of Burgundy
should be offended.[244] The maidens themselves sometimes sanctioned the
prejudices of feudalism, in opposition to the generous feelings of
chivalry and nature. Felice, daughter of Rahand, Earl of Warwick,
disdained to return the passion of Guy, her father's steward, till an
angel in a dream commanded her to love him.[245]
[Sidenote: But preserved religion.]
Agreement in religious opinions was as necessary as sympathy of souls in
the loves of chivalry; and many a story is related of a knight reposing in
a lady's chamber, where, instead of adoring the divinity of the place, he
assailed her with a fierce invective against her religious creed.[246] On
such occasions he forgot even his courtesy, and shamed his knighthood by
calling her a heathen hound:
"I will not go one foot on ground
For to speak with an heathen hound;
Unchristen hounds I rede ye flee,
Or I your heart's blood will see."
But
"'Mercy,' she cried, 'my lemman sweet!'--
(She fell down and 'gan to weep)--
'Forgive me that I have mis-said,
I will that ye be well assayed!
My false gods I will forsake,
And Christendom for thy love take.'
'On that covenant,' said Sir Bevis than,
'I will thee love, fair Josyan!'"[247]
[Sidenote: When attachments were formed.]