THE FIRST REVOLT OF NATIONS[24] [Footnote 24: See Yorck: Napoleon als Feldherr. Correspondence of Napoleon, vols. 17 and 18. Ducasse: Les rois freres de Napoleon Ier. Krones: Geschichte Oesterreich im Zeitalter der franzoesischen Kriege. Pelet: Memoires sur la guerre de 1809 en Allemagne. Maxwell: Life of Wellington. Schlesier: Erinnerungen an W. von Humboldt. Arndt: Geist der Zeit. Fichte: Fichtes Leben.] The New Role of Spain -- Guerrilla Warfare -- The French Cowed -- The Capitulation of Baylen -- The French Retreat from Spain and Portugal -- Complaints of King Joseph -- Napoleon's Exasperation -- Imperialist Sentiment in France -- The Emperor's Determination -- The Spirit of Prussia -- The Work of Stein -- The Revolution in Turkey -- Austria's Anxieties -- War Feeling at Vienna -- Napoleon Turns to the Czar -- Alexander's Hesitancy -- Napoleon's Misrepresentations -- Austria Warned -- Talleyrand and the Czar -- Napoleon's Allocution at St. Cloud. Thus far in the history of Europe all politics had been in the main dynastic. The nations having been consolidated under powerful houses, it was the reigning family which seemed to constitute the national entity, not the common institutions, common speech, common faith, common territory, common aims, and common destiny of the people. Spain, like Italy, had a clearly marked national domain, and, in spite of some striking differences, a fairly homogeneous population. It was fitting and not entirely unnatural that the land of the Inquisition, the land of ignorance, the land of intolerance, the land, in short, which had sunk the lowest under absolutism, should begin the counterrevolution which, checking the excesses of Napoleon and the French Revolution in their disregard for nationality, ushered into the world's forum the nation and national sentiment as the strongest force of the nineteenth century.