The reason why : $b a careful collection of many hundreds of reasons for things which, though generally believed, are imperfectly understood. A book of condensed scientific knowledge for the million
John Stuart Mill · en
There are few things better suited to remove the disgust into
which young people are betrayed on the view of some natural
objects, than this of the spider. They will find that the most
despised creature may become a subject of admiration, and be
selected by the naturalist to exhibit the marvellous works of the
creation. The terms given to these insects, lead us to expect
interesting particulars concerning them, since they have been
divided into vagrants, hunters, swimmers, and water spiders,
sedentary, and mason-spiders; thus evincing a variety in their
condition, activity, and mode of life; and we cannot be surprised
to find them varying in the performance of their vital functions
(as, for example, in their mode of breathing), as well as in
their extremities and instruments. Of these instruments the most
striking is the apparatus for spinning and weaving, by which they
not only fabricate webs to entangle their prey, but form cells for
their residence and concealment; sometimes living in the ground,
sometimes under water, yet breathing the atmosphere. Corresponding
with their very singular organisation are their instincts. We are
familiar with the watchfulness and voracity of some spiders, when
their prey is indicated by the vibration of the cords of their
net-work. Others have the eye and disposition of the lynx or
tiger, and after couching in concealment, leap upon their victims.
Some conceal themselves under a silken hood or tube, six eyes only
projecting. Some bore a hole in the earth, and line it as finely
as if it were done with the trowel and mortar, and then hang it
with delicate curtains. A very extraordinary degree of contrivance
is exhibited in the trap-door spider. This door, from which it
derives its name, has a frame and hinge on the mouth of the cell,
and is so provided that the claw of the spider can lay hold of
it, and whether she enters or goes out, says Mr. Kirby, the door
shuts of itself. But the water-spider has a domicile more curious
still: it is under water, with an opening at the lower part for
her exit and entrance; and although this cell be under water, it
contains air like a diving-bell, so that the spider breathes the
atmosphere. The air is renewed in the cell in a manner not easily
explained. The spider comes to the surface; a bubble of air is
attracted to its body; with this air she descends, and gets under
her cell, when the air is disengaged and rises into the cell; and
thus, though under water, she lives in the air. There must be some
peculiar property of the surface of this creature by which she can
move in the water surrounded with an atmosphere, and live under
the water breathing the air.
[Verse: "The spider taketh hold with her hands, and is in king's
palaces."--PROVERBS XXX.]