[93] J. Dürr, _Das Leben Juvenals_ (Ulm, 1888). L. Friedländer (ed. of Juvenal: Leipzig, 1895) attaches little importance to this and the other _vitae_, but his arguments do not appear to us to be convincing. [94] E. G. Hardy (ed. of Juvenal: London, 1891, introd. p. 8) thinks that this is supported by Juvenal's gentile name Iunius. As a representative of the middle classes he (thinks Hardy) could not have been related by blood to either of the two _gentes_ of that name. Hardy also states that Decimus is a common _praenomen_ of the plebeian _gens Iunia_, and suggests that Juvenal may have got his _praenomen_ from them. There is no reason, however, to think that every Iunius must be related or associated in some way with one of these two _gentes_. [95] The statement of the _vitae_, 'ad mediam fere aetatem declamavit,' may imply no more than that he continued his studies in private; but it must be observed that the usual meaning of _declamare_ is 'to attend college classes'; and the statement, in whatever way it is taken, must be looked upon as improbable. [96] If the number I. is right, and this appears most likely. II. is the only other possible reading, and it must be noted that the second Dalmatian cohort was in Britain at the beginning of the second century, and probably had been there for a considerable time. _Trib._ in the inscription is a conjecture suggested by the _vitae_: _praef._, which is epigraphically possible, is preferred by some authorities. [97] E. G. Hardy thinks that A.D. 87 was one of the years when _duumviri quinquennales_ (appointed every five years) were elected in Aquinum, and hypothetically assigns Juvenal's holding of the post to that year. [98] _C.I.L._ vii. 1195. [99] Cf. E. G. Hardy, ed. of Juvenal. [100] Cf. E. G. Hardy, _ibid._ [101] The reference in 4, 126, 'De temone Britanno excidet Arviragus,' proves nothing. It is the sort of reference that would be made by an Italian ignorant of Britain, and is, in fact, put into the mouth of one. [102] The view that _Sat._ i. 33 _sqq._ refers to M. Aquilius Regulus, who died probably A.D. 105 (Pliny, _Ep._ i. 5, 14-15), is rejected by Friedländer _ad loc._ [103] H. Nettleship (_Journal of Philology_, xvi., p. 45) points out that C. Vipstanus Apronianus and C. Fonteius Capito were consuls A.D. 59, and suggests that this may be the year meant. This would give A.D. 119 as the date of composition. [104] The scholiast connects with 4, 37-8. [105] This story is rejected both by Hardy and by Friedländer. [106] Juvenal had a leaning to Stoicism: cf. _Sat._ 10 _ad fin._, and his references to fate, _e.g._ 7, 200; 10, 365; 12, 63. He believes in the gods (13, 247-9), but disbelieves the doctrines of the popular religion (2, 149 _sqq._). [107] The inscription records the appointment of Cilo's sons and a woman Lutulla as trustees of a fund, the interest of which was to be disbursed to the people of Comum. [108] _Hermes_, iii. 31 _sqq._