The training of teachers in the United States of America
John Stuart Mill · en
It has been seen that a certain number of college graduates enter
the Normal Schools for a course of training, but most of the leading
Universities of America are now providing courses in the Science and
Art of Education for those who desire to prepare for the teaching
profession. I was able to visit a good many of these pedagogical
departments, and was much interested in the work I saw. This work,
however, differs so widely in the various institutions in which it
is carried on that it is hardly possible to make any very general
statements concerning it. In some universities the only provision made
for the special preparation of teachers is in connection with special
classes held by the professor or lecturer on any subject, for those who
wish to discuss with him the teaching of it. However insufficient for
training purposes this plan may be, it yet has, I believe, very special
advantages to recommend it, not the least being the influence that may
be thus exerted by the University through those who are about to become
teachers on the Schools. In addition to these discussions, some provide
for a few lectures on Pedagogy, and in others, again, Pedagogy may be
taken as an elective subject, and count towards an ordinary degree.
The Universities of Harvard, Cornell, Michigan, Illinois, Syracuse and
others have adopted one or other of these plans.
The University of New York grants degrees in pedagogy, while at the
Clark University, to which only graduates are admitted, education
may be taken as part of the Ph.D. work. It should be noted, however,
that the courses of training provided at these Universities is almost
entirely theoretical, little or no attempt being made to arrange for
practical work. In so far as this is not arranged for, the training
seems to fall short of the ideal, it being surely nearly as bad to
attempt to train teachers without providing for practical work as to
teach chemistry without giving any time to the laboratory, or to train
a doctor without arranging for hospital work. Probably the fact that
a course on pedagogics is usually taken at the same time as other
subjects, and also that those who take such courses very often do not
intend to teach in the schools, but rather to take posts as lecturers,
superintendents, etc., has caused this side of training to be
neglected, and a still stronger reason is to be found in the location
of so many of the Universities at a distance from the schools. In many
places, however, I found that the question was being faced, and schemes
considered for the introducing of practical work.
Harvard has begun to realize its responsibility with respect to the
training of teachers, and a subdivision of the department of Philosophy
is devoted to Education, the following courses being arranged for:
1. Course of twelve lectures on Topics in Psychology of interest to
teachers.
2. Course for Graduates and Undergraduates:
The History of Educational Theories and Practices.