The training of teachers in the United States of America
John Stuart Mill · en
It is to the contribution of new scientific facts to the educational
world that Clark University chiefly devotes itself, and in doing this
valuable work it has shown itself quite willing to acknowledge the
results of observation and experiment of a very different kind from
its own--viz., that of parents and teachers in the home and school.
The records of the observation of children made by the students of the
Worcester Normal School are given to Dr. Stanley Hall to be used in
any way that may help true scientific research on the subject. It is
evident that results gain by approaching the same problems from the
practical and scientific standpoints, will be much more secure than
they could be otherwise, and will supply valuable contributions to the
educational world.
_SUMMER SCHOOLS AS ACCESSORY TO THE WORK OF TRAINING._
Among the most distinctively American educational institutions are
Summer Schools for Teachers. They are meetings organized during the
long summer vacations by private individuals, or in connection with
some University Normal or Training School, for the help and stimulation
of teachers who have otherwise no opportunity for training.
The exact character of the work of a school is dependent entirely upon
the educational aims and methods of the principal of the school, and
the purpose for which teachers give up three or four weeks of their
holiday to attend a Summer School may be different in different cases.
The teachers of country schools, inadequately prepared for their work
of teaching, often attend the Summer School in their county, in order
to gain a State training certificate of a higher grade than that which
they already possess; while teachers in city schools, most of whom have
been trained in Normal Schools, attend a Summer School like that of
Colonel Parker, at Englewood, to get stimulation for future work, and
to pursue, in addition, a systematic study of pedagogy. Graduates, who
are teaching in schools and academies during the year, often attend
a Summer School in connection with an University, in order to pursue
further study in various branches. The Summer Schools I visited at
Benton Harbour, Englewood, Chautauqua, and the Summer School of Cornell
University, illustrate the different lines of work mentioned.
At Benton Harbour, a small town on the shores of Lake Michigan, a
Summer School was held for four weeks, and was attended by about fifty
teachers of the rural districts of Michigan, who came to prepare
for a third-grade Teachers’ Certificate of the State of Michigan.
Lessons were given in ordinary school subjects, pedagogy and drill
from half-past seven in the morning until three or four o’clock in the
afternoon. I spent three or four days at this school, heard daily
lessons in psychology, physical culture, civil government, English,
elocution, and other subjects, and saw the working of the school
generally. The teaching in all subjects was very elementary, as little
previous knowledge could be assumed.