Platonism in English poetry of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Plato · en
Platonism affected Christian theology as it appears in English poetry in
a twofold way. It provided a body of intellectual principles which were
identified with the persons of the Christian Trinity and it also trained
the minds of the poets in conceiving God rather as the object of the
mind’s speculative quest than as the dread judge of the sinful soul.
Platonism in this form is no longer the body of ethical principles
appearing in the Platonic dialogues; but is that metaphysical
after-growth of Platonism that has its source in the philosophy of
Plotinus. According to this form of speculative mysticism there were
three ultimate principles, or hypostases,—The Good, Intellect (υοῦς),
and Soul. Owing to the affinity of Platonism for Christian forms of
thought, these three hypostases were conceived as the philosophic basis
underlying the Christian teaching of the three Persons of the Trinity.
Such an interpretation is seen plainly in the work of Henry More and
William Drummond; and the speculative attitude of conceiving God and
Christ in the light of the hypostases of Plotinus is also discernible in
Spenser and Milton.
The boldest attempt to identify the three Plotinian principles with the
Christian Trinity is made in Henry More’s “Psychozoia,” the first poem
of his “Psychodia Platonica.” This poetical treatise reveals the aim of
More’s spiritual life as it was formulated on the basis of Platonic
philosophy blended with the teaching of the “Theologia Germanica.” The
strain of self-abnegation which More learned in “that _Golden little
Book_,”[23] as he names the German treatise, may be easily separated
from the Platonism, being confined to the last two books of his poem; it
may thus be dismissed. In the first book, however, the current of
thought is almost purely Platonic. There, under the figure of the
marriage rite, the first principle of Plotinus, the Good, is represented
as joining his two children—Intellect and Soul—in holy union; and under
the poetic device of a veil with several films or tissues, More
describes Soul in minute detail.
In keeping with the teachings of Platonism More defines each person of
the Trinity in the terms used by Plotinus. According to this philosopher
the highest reality is The One or The Good which is infinite and above
all comprehension, not because it is impossible to measure or count it
(since it has no magnitude and no multitude), but simply because it is
impossible to conceive its power. (“Enneads,” VI. ix. 6.) In the
beatific vision, in which The Good is known in the Soul, it is
invisible, hidden in its own rays of light. (“Enneads,” VI. vii. 35.)
More thus speaks of God, naming him Hattove: