Platonism in English poetry of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Plato · en
Drummond’s “Hymn” is the work of a mind in which poetical sensuousness
and philosophic abstraction are well-nigh equally balanced. In More the
philosopher had outweighed the poet. In Milton the poet asserts his full
power. To him the Plotinian scheme of the hypostases is valuable only as
they enable his love of beauty to be satisfied in conformity with his
intellectual apprehension of the relation between God and the Son in the
Trinal Godhead. Plotinus had outlined the relation between The Good and
Intellect as that of a principle of beauty by which the intellect is
invested and possesses beauty and light. (“Enneads,” VI. vii. 31.) The
Good itself is the principle of beauty, hidden in its own rays of light.
In Milton the conception of God as hidden in inaccessible light, and of
the Son as the express image of the invisible beauty of God, is
explained in conformity with the Platonic scheme, and also with those
Scriptural texts, one of which mentions God as a King of kings, who only
hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto
(1 Tim. vi. 16); and the other proclaims that in Christ “dwelleth all
the fulness of the Godhead bodily” (Col. ii. 9). Thus in heaven the
angels hymn their praises:
“Thee, Father, first they sung, Omnipotent,
Immutable, Immortal, Infinite,
Eternal King; thee, Author of all being,
Fountain of light, thyself invisible
Amidst the glorious brightness where thou sitt’st
Throned inaccessible, but when thou shad’st
The full blaze of thy beams, and through a cloud
Drawn round about thee like a radiant shrine
Dark with excessive bright thy skirts appear,
Yet dazzle Heaven, that brightest Seraphim
Approach not, but with both wings veil their eyes.
Thee next they sang, of all creation first,
Begotten Son, Divine Similitude,
In whose conspicuous countenance, without cloud
Made visible, the Almighty Father shines,
Whom else no creature can behold: on thee
Impressed the effulgence of his glory abides.
Transfused on thee his ample Spirit rests.”
(P. L., III. 372–389.)
And the Almighty addresses the Son:
“‘Effulgence of my glory, Son beloved,
Son in whose face invisible is beheld
Visibly, what by Deity I am.’”
(VI. 680–682.)
This relation of Christ to God which in the Scripture was indicated only
as in an outline sketch has been filled in with the substance of the
Plotinian æsthetics, in which The One and The Good is beauty itself
(καλλονή) and intellect is the beautiful (τὸ καλόν). (“Enneads,” I. vi.
6.)