[73] “Worship, fasting, alms, and pilgrimage” are the four acts by which a Muslim outwardly attests his faith. “Worship,” five times daily; “fasting,” one month yearly; “pilgrimage,” at Mekka, once, as a duty, in a lifetime; “alms,” whenever property of a certain amount is possessed. [74] “Mervites and Rāzites,” citizens of Merv and Rey (Rhages), two great Persian cities in former days, now in ruins. Merv is at present a Turkman camping-ground, aimed at by Russia as a halting place on the road to Herāt and India. Rey, the Rhages of the book of Tobit, not far from Tihrān, the Shāh’s present capital of Persia. The two parties were like Ireland’s Orangemen and Ribbonmen of our time. [75] Heaven and Hell; the “sheep” and the “goats.” [76] The original has “the Darling;” the highest title given to Muhammed by Muslims is _God’s Darling_; which is not found in the Qur’ān. [77] The original has “its dear one;” God is _the dear one_ of mystics. [78] A _woollen lion_ is a toy made and sold or exhibited by mendicants. [79] Musaylama was a prince of Naja, who gave himself out as a prophet, and wrote to Muhammed, proposing that they should divide Arabia between them. His epistle began: “Musaylama, the Apostle of God, to Muhammed, the Apostle of God.” Muhammed’s answer commenced with: “Muhammed, the Apostle of God, to Musaylama the liar.” He was eventually defeated and slain in battle, in the eleventh year of the Hijra after Muhammed’s decease; when all Arabia submitted to Islām. He was killed by Wahshi, the Ethiopian slave who, in the battle of ‘Uhud, had formerly driven the selfsame javelin through the body of Hamza, Muhammed’s uncle. Wahshi lived long after these events, in Syria. He used to say that, as a pagan, he had slain one of the best of men, and, as a Muslim, one of the worst. When Mekka was taken, he was proscribed; but he got away safely. Not long afterwards, he made his submission, and Muhammed forgave him, as he did others in analogous circumstances. [80] Who are intended by this Jewish squint-eyed king, and his self-sacrificing, treacherous Vazīr? [81] It is a common belief in the East that squint-eyed people see double. [82] Needles, or pins, are hidden in bread that is given to a dog or other beast in order to destroy it. [83] The rope worn by monks, like the Brahmin’s sacred thread, is supposed by Muslims to be worn by all Christians. [84] Muhammed. [85] In time of immediate danger during war the “Service of Fear” is enjoined instead of the usual form of worship. [86] In visions. [87] The original word, _conversant_, like our “Adept” and “_Illuminato_,” is applied by the mystics to themselves. It is a trace of the old Gnosticism. [88] Being given in Persian, I cannot quote chapter and verse for the original Arabic. [89] Like lunatics, they are supposed to be heedless of all things around them. [90] _Sleep is Death’s brother_ is an ancient Arabian proverb. [91] The Seven Sleepers; mentioned in Qur’ān xviii. 8-25.