[342] Qur’ān li. 17. [343] Qur’ān li. 18. [344] Qur’ān iv. 99. [345] Qur’ān xviii. 8-21. [346] Qur’ān lxix. 19. [347] Qur’ān lxix. 25. [348] The Persian equivalent of our ”_carrying coals to Newcastle_.” [349] A metallic mirror, formerly much used. [350] Qur’ān vii. 11. [351] I have failed to discover the name and history of the individual here used to point a moral by our great poet. Ibnu-Hishām and Nawawī do not mention him.—_Translator._ [352] Osmān. [353] Qur’ān xxxvi. 7. [354] Qur’ān xxxvi. 8. [355] Qur’ān xcix. 1. [356] In allusion to the Brahminical marks used in India. [357] The heterodox sects of Islām are commonly said to be seventy-two. [358] “_The Veiler_,” _i.e._, of sin, is one of “the most comely names” of God, but is not found in the Qur’ān. “_Yā Sattār!_” [359] Some of the commentators hold that Qur’ān vii. 174, alludes to the opposition of Balaam to Moses and the Israelites. [360] See Tale iv. dist. 121; and xi. 112. [361] See Tale ix. 266. [362] Qur’ān ii. 96. [363] See Tale iv. dist. 121. [364] Qur’ān i. 5. [365] ’Ikrima, son of Abū-Jahl, embraced Islām at sea, as he fled from Mekka at its capture by Muhammed. He returned and was pardoned. [366] Qur’ān xi. 44, 45. [367] This is a canon of Islām. If a worshipper has no means of knowing the direction of “God’s House” at Mekka, he may face in any direction he judges most probable, and so perform his worship. [368] The Prophet. [369] Qur’ān vi. 32; xxix. 64; xxx. 6; xlvii. 38; lvii. 19. [370] Qur’ān lxx. 4. [371] Qur’ān x. 37. [372] Qur’ān lxii. 5. [373] See, in the author’s own preface, his eulogistic mention of Sheykh Husāmu-’d-Dīn, p. iii., where this saying is also given. [374] By “Roman,” in the East, is meant what Europeans incorrectly name “Greek.” Since Alexander of Macedon’s time, no “Greeks” have existed. Their very memory is lost in Asia, and Alexander himself is styled there “_the Roman_.” [375] Commonly, in Islām, eight paradises, or, properly, eight mansions of Paradise, are reported, mentioned, and believed. Baydhāvī, in Qur’ān ii. 23, gives only seven, and one of those is wrong. Guided by him, however, I have corrected this, and verified the others, besides finding the eighth. Their names, then, are as follows:--1. _Jennatu-’l-Khuld_, the Paradise (garden) of Eternal Duration; 2. _Jennatu ‘Aden_, the Garden of Eden; 3. _Jennatu-’l-Firdaws_, the Garden of Paradise; 4. _Jennatu-’l-Me’và_, the Garden of the Abode; 5. _Jennatu-’n-Na’īm_, the Paradise of the Pleasantness; 6. _Dāru-’s-Selām_, the Home of Security; 7. _Dāru-’l-Maqāma_, the House of Sojourn; 8. _’Illiyūn_, the Sublime Heights. Baydhāvī has _Dāru-’l-Khuld_ for _Jennatu-’l-Khuld_; but that is one of the names of Hell, as occurring in Qur’ān xli. 28. There is also a _Dāru-l-Qarār_, Home of Permanence, mentioned in Qur’ān xl. 42; but it applies to Hell and Heaven, as does the _Dāru-’l-Baqā_, Home of Duration, commonly used, but not found in the Qur’ān.