_Explanation._--Whenever we recollect a thing, as we have often said, we are thereby necessarily disposed to contemplate it with the same emotion as if it were present before us. But this disposition or effort, while we are awake, is generally restrained by the images of things which exclude the existence of the thing which we recollect. Whenever, therefore, we recollect a thing which affects us with any kind of joy, we thereby endeavor to contemplate it with the same emotion of joy as if it were present,--an attempt which is, however, immediately restrained by the memory of that which excludes the existence of the thing. Regret, therefore, is really a sorrow which is opposed to the joy which arises from the absence of what we hate. But because the name _regret_ seems to connect this emotion with desire, I therefore ascribe it to desire. XXXIII. _Emulation_ is the desire which is begotten in us of a thing because we imagine that other persons have the same desire. _Explanation._--He who seeks flight because others seek it, he who fears because he sees others fear, or even he who withdraws his hand and moves his body as if his hand were burning because he sees that another person has burnt his hand, such as these, I say, although they may indeed imitate the emotion of another, are not said to emulate it; not because we have recognized one cause for emulation and another for imitation, but because it has been the custom to call that man only emulous who imitates what we think noble, useful, or pleasant. XXXIV. _Thankfulness_ or _gratitude_ is the desire or endeavor of love with which we strive to do good to others who, from a similar emotion of love, have done good to us. XXXV. _Benevolence_ is the desire to do good to those whom we pity. XXXVI. _Anger_ is the desire by which we are impelled, through hatred, to injure those whom we hate. XXXVII. _Vengeance_ is the desire which, springing from mutual hatred, urges us to injure those who, from a similar emotion, have injured us. XXXVIII. _Cruelty_ or _ferocity_ is the desire by which a man is impelled to injure any one whom we love or pity. _Explanation._--To cruelty is opposed mercy, which is not a passion, but a power of the mind by which a man restrains anger and vengeance. XXXIX. _Fear_ is the desire of avoiding the greater of two dreaded evils by the less. XL. _Audacity_ is the desire by which we are impelled to do something which is accompanied with a danger which our equals fear to meet. XLI. A person is said to be _pusillanimous_ whose desire is restrained by the fear of a danger which his equals dare to meet. _Explanation._--Pusillanimity, therefore, is nothing but the dread of some evil which most persons do not usually fear, and therefore I do not ascribe it to the emotions of desire. I wished, notwithstanding, to explain it here, because in so far as we attend to desire, pusillanimity is the true opposite of the emotion of audacity.