CHAPTER XV. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES, 319 COMPARISON OF THE HELLENIC-ROMAN PERIOD AND THE MIDDLE AGES, 319 THE MEDIÆVAL MAN, 320 HOW THE UNIVERSE APPEARED TO THE MEDIÆVAL MAN, 322 MAPS OF THE PTOLEMAIC COSMOGRAPHY, 323, 325 THE MEDIÆVAL MAN AT SCHOOL, 325 A MEDIÆVAL LIBRARY, 326 1. Books most commonly read, 327 2. Books that the scholars might use, 327 3. The Books most influential philosophically upon the time, 328 THE THREE PERIODS OF THE MIDDLE AGES, 328 SUMMARY OF THE POLITICAL AND EDUCATIONAL WORLDS OF THE MEDIÆVAL MAN, 330 CHAPTER XVI. THE EARLY PERIOD OF THE MIDDLE AGES, 334 THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE EARLY PERIOD, 334 AN EARLY MEDIÆVAL GEOGRAPHICAL MAP, 335 THE HISTORICAL POSITION OF AUGUSTINE, 335 THE SECULAR SCIENCE, 339 THE LIFE OF AUGUSTINE, 339 THE TWO ELEMENTS IN AUGUSTINE’S TEACHING, 340 THE NEO-PLATONIC ELEMENT: THE INNER CERTAINTIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS, 341 THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH ACCORDING TO AUGUSTINE, 345 THE DARK AGES, 347 THE REVIVAL OF CHARLEMAGNE, 349 JOHN SCOTUS ERIGENA: LIFE AND TEACHING, 350 THE GREEK PRINCIPLE WHICH ERIGENA FORMULATED FOR THE MIDDLE AGES, 352 THE LAST CENTURY OF THE EARLY PERIOD, 353 CHAPTER XVII. THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD, 354 THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD, 354 WHAT IS SCHOLASTICISM? 355 ANSELM: LIFE AND POSITION IN MEDIÆVAL PHILOSOPHY, 359 ANSELM’S ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD, 361 ROSCELLINUS: LIFE AND TEACHING, 361 STORM AND STRESS, 362 THE LIFE OF ABELARD, 363 ABELARD’S CONCEPTUALISM. UNIVERSALS EXIST IN THE PARTICULARS, 364 ABELARD’S RATIONALISM.――THE RELATION BETWEEN REASON AND DOGMA, 365