CHAPTER XVIII. THE PERIOD OF CLASSIC SCHOLASTICISM, 368 THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS LAST PERIOD, 368 THE TWO CIVILIZATIONS, 369 MAP SHOWING THE GROWTH OF MOHAMMEDAN CIVILIZATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES, 370 THE FIRST CONTACT OF THE TWO CIVILIZATIONS, 372 THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE TWO CIVILIZATIONS.――THE CRUSADES, 374 THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING, 375 DIAGRAM OF DANTE’S POETIC CONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSE, 376 THE STRENGTH AND BURDEN OF ARISTOTLE TO THE CHURCH, 378 1. The Strength of Aristotle to the Church, 378 2. The Burden of Aristotle to the Church, 379 THE PREDECESSORS OF AQUINAS, 379 THE LIFE OF THOMAS AQUINAS.――THE FOUNDER OF THE DOMINICAN TRADITION, 380 THE CENTRAL PRINCIPLE OF THOMAS’S DOCTRINE――THE TWOFOLD TRUTH, 381 THE PROBLEM OF INDIVIDUALITY――THE RELATION OF PARTICULARS AND UNIVERSALS, 383 THE PRIMACY OF THE WILL OR THE INTELLECT, 385 DUNS SCOTUS, THE FOUNDER OF THE FRANCISCAN TRADITION――LIFE AND PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION, 386 DUNS SCOTUS’S CONCEPTION OF THE TWOFOLD TRUTH.――THE SEPARATION OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION, 387 THE INSCRUTABLE WILL OF GOD, 388 THE PROBLEM OF INDIVIDUALITY, 389 AFTER DUNS SCOTUS, 390 WILLIAM OF OCKAM: LIFE AND TEACHING, 391 AFTER OCKAM, 393 INDEX, 395 ILLUSTRATIONS SOCRATES, _Frontispiece_ MAP SHOWING WHERE THE COSMOLOGISTS LIVED, 21 THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER, 205 MAP OF ATHENS SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE FOUR SCHOOLS, 219 PTOLEMAIC COSMOGRAPHY SHOWING THE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSE INTO SPHERES, 323 PTOLEMAIC COSMOGRAPHY SHOWING THE EPICYCLIC MOVEMENTS OF THE PLANETS, 325 MEDIÆVAL GEOGRAPHY. THE COSMAS MAP, A. D. 547, 335 GROWTH OF MOHAMMEDANISM DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, SHOWING ITS CONTACT WITH CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION, 370 DIAGRAM OF DANTE’S POETIC CONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSE, 376 A BEGINNER’S HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY INTRODUCTION THE THREE GENERAL PERIODS OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY