of the Enlightenment, 142. Contiguity, association of, 192–194. Continuity, law of, 129. Contradictions, the world a world of, according to Hegel, 321, 327, 328, 335; of experience, according to Herbart, 334, 335. Copernicus, Nikolaus, 7, 32–34. Cosmic, unity, of Hegel, 322–326; law, of Hegel, 326–328. Counter-Revolution, the, 17. Criticism, the Enlightenment a period of, 138; Kant’s method of, 239. Cusanus, Nicolas (Nicolas of Cusa), 23–25. Darwin, Charles Robert, his _Origin of Species_ formulated most fully the Evolution movement, 3, 362. Decentralization of Europe and of philosophy, iv, 12, 13. Deduction, in the Natural Science period, 19, 21, 35; defined, 35 n.; use of, according to Galileo, 37; according to Bacon, 40, 46; according to Descartes, 70, 72, 73; use made of, by the followers of Descartes, 81. Deed-act, of Fichte, 293. Deism, and Hume, 200; of Voltaire, 210. Deists, the English, 141, 164–166; the German, 142. Descartes, René, 31, 35; compared with Hobbes, 48, 49; the mental conflict in, 65, 66; life and philosophical writings of, 66, 67; the two conflicting influences upon the thought of, 67–69; the method of, 69, 70; the great contribution of, an absolute principle, 70; induction, provisional doubt, ultimate certainty of consciousness, according to, 70–72; deduction, implications of consciousness, according to, 70, 72, 73; his proofs of the existence of God, 73–75; the reality of matter, according to, 75–77; his view of the relation of God to the world, 77; of God to matter, 77, 78; of God to minds, 78; of mind and body, 78–80; influence of, 80, 81; relation of the Occasionalists and Spinoza to, 81–84; his influence on Spinoza, 87; his influence on Locke, 145, 146, 152. Determinism, 53. Dewing, A. S., _Introduction to Modern Philosophy_, iv, 8 n., 332 n. Diderot, Denis, 211. Differential calculus, discovered by Leibnitz, 112, 114, 119. Discoveries. _See_ Inventions. Dogmatism, defined, 187. Doubt, provisional, of Descartes, 70–72. Dualism, Cartesian, of mind and matter, assumed in the Enlightenment, 135; of Berkeley, 179; formed the background of Kant’s thought, 232. Dualists, 174 n. Duty, according to Fichte, 289–295.