his Skepticism and Phenomenalism, 187–189; the origin of ideas, according to, 189–191; the association of ideas, according to, 191–193; association, by law of contiguity, 192–194; by law of resemblance, 192–196; association of causation, 192, 193, 196–199; mathematics in his philosophy, 194, 195; his conception of substance, 195, 196; his attack on theology, 195, 196; his attack on science, 196–199; the extent and limits of human knowledge, according to, 199, 200; his theory of religion and ethics, 200, 201; the ♦skepticism of, influenced Kant, 235. Huyghens, Christian, 32. Idea, the world as, and as Will, according to Schopenhauer, 345–347; the misery of the world as, according to Schopenhauer, 348, 349. Idealism, of Berkeley, 174; after Kant, 278, 279; subjective, of Fichte, 290, 304; æsthetic, of Schelling, 302, 304, 307; Transcendental, of Schelling, 309, 310; Hegel and the culmination of, 312–314; and Realism, and Mysticism, contrasted, 318–321; Hegel’s, the fundamental principle of, 321, 322; German, and modern philosophy, 355, 356. Idealists, German, treated, 279–329. Ideas, the proof of their truth, according to Descartes, 72; innate, of Descartes, 73, 156; innate, of Spinoza, 156; innate, denied by Locke, 156, 157, 189; innate, of Leibnitz, 157; source of, according to Locke, 157–159; in the philosophies of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, 174, 175; abstract, in Berkeley’s philosophy, 177, 179, 189; source of, according to Berkeley, 181–183; origin of, according to Hume, 187, 189–191; association of, according to Hume, 191–193; association of, by law of contiguity, 192–194; by law of resemblance, 192–196; Kant’s use of the term, 261; the three, according to Kant (God, soul, totality of the universe), 261–268; of Fichte, 286; neo-Platonic, in Schelling’s philosophy, 312. Identity, of indiscernibles, 129; Schelling’s philosophy of, 303, 310, 311. Ideologists, French, 358. Idols, the, of Bacon, 45. Illuminati, the, 227. Immortality of the soul, the postulate of, according to Kant, 276. Impressions, in Hume’s philosophy, 190. Inconsistencies, of the world according to Hegel, 322. Independent Philosophers, the, of the Enlightenment, 142. Individual, independence of the, in the Enlightenment, 134. Individualism, movement toward, in the Renaissance, 12, 15; modern, the rise of, 132–134; in the Enlightenment, its expression in England, France, and Germany, 140; in France, in the Enlightenment, 207–209; in Germany, 219, 220, 223, 225–229; of the Romantic movement, 296. Induction, in the Natural Science period, 19, 21, 35; defined, 35 n.; use of, according to Galileo, 37; according to Bacon, 40, 46; according to Descartes, 70–72. Infinity,