Spinoza’s idea of, 94, 95, 105, 106. Innate Ideas, of Descartes, 73, 156; of Spinoza, 156; existence of, denied by Locke, 156, 157, 189; of Leibnitz, 157. Intellectual Enlightenment, in France, 207–212. Inventions, of the Middle Ages, 6, 9; in the nineteenth century, 354. Italian nature philosophers, 22. Italy, in the Renaissance, 10, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31. James, William, _Hibbert Journal_, 315 n.; _Pragmatism_, 352 n. Jena, 233, 284, 302, 307. Jewish Cabala, the, 11. Johnson, Samuel, president of King’s College in New York, 171. Judgments indispensable to knowledge, according to Kant (analytic, synthetic, _a posteriori_, _a priori_), 248–252. Kant, Immanuel, his _Critique of Pure Reason_, marks the transition from the Enlightenment to German Philosophy, 2–4, 232; the influences upon, 233–235; life and writings of, 235–238; the problem of, 238, 239; the method of, 239, 240; the threefold world of (subjective states, things-in-themselves, and phenomena), 240–243; his world of knowledge, 243–245; place of synthesis in knowledge, according to, 245–248; the judgments indispensable to knowledge, according to, 248–252; proof of the validity of human knowledge, according to, 252–260; validity of sense-perception consists in space and time, 253–255; the validity of the understanding, 255–260; the question of the validity of the reason, 260–262; the idea of the soul, 261–264; the idea of the universe, 261, 264, 265; the idea of God, 261, 265–268; summary of the theory of knowledge contained in the _Critique of Pure Reason_, 268, 269; the ethics of (the problem of the _Critique of Practical Reason_), 269–271; the moral law and the two questions concerning it, 271–275; the moral postulates, 275–277; idealism after, 278, 279; his influence upon Fichte, 285, 286; why Hegel remains to-day the representative of, 314, 315; followers of (Herbart and Schopenhauer), 330–332. Kepler, Johann, 32–34. Khayyám, Omar, 347, 348. Knowledge, in Hobbes’s philosophy, 57; in Descartes’s philosophy, 77; God the only object of, according to Spinoza, 92; Locke’s theory of, 155, 156, 158, 160–162; in Berkeley’s philosophy, 176; in Hume’s philosophy, 187, 199, 200; in Reid’s philosophy, 202; Kant’s theory of, 238, 239; Kant’s world of, 243–245; the place of synthesis in, according to Kant, 245–248; the judgments indispensable to, according to Kant, 248–252; human, proof of the validity of, according to Kant, 252–262; transcendent and transcendental, of Kant, 262; of the soul, 262–264; of the universe, 264, 265; of God, 265–268; summary of Kant’s theory of, contained in the _Critique of Pure Reason_, 268, 269; according to Schopenhauer, 345.