the place of, in knowledge, according to Kant, 245–248; of Fichte, 295; of Hegel, 327. _See_ Deduction. Synthetic, judgments of Kant, 249–252. Taurellus, 11. Tetens, J. N., 221. Theology, Hume’s attack on, 195, 196. Thesis, of Fichte, 295; of Hegel, 327. Things-in-themselves, the world of, according to Kant, 240–242, 336; how treated by Fichte, 290, 291; how treated by Schelling, 300; the philosophy of, 330–351; the chief concern of philosophy, according to Herbart, 332; implied by phenomena, according to Herbart, 336; basis of Schopenhauer’s philosophy, 340; according to Schopenhauer, 345, 346. Thirty Years’ War, 217. Thomasius, Christian, 142, 221. Thought, in Spinoza’s philosophy, 95, 101, 102; in Hegel’s philosophy, 322, 335. Time and space, knowledge possible by means of, according to Kant, 253–255. Tindal, Matthew, 165. Toland, John, 165. Transcendental, method, of Kant, 239, 240; philosophy, of Schelling, 302, 307–310; freedom, of Schopenhauer, 349–351. Trent, Council of, 16, 20. Truth, standard of, in the Middle Ages, self-destructive, 5; criterion of, according to Descartes, 72. Truths, of Leibnitz, 116, 117. Tschirnhausen, E. W. von, 221. Turner, William, _History of Philosophy_, 73 n. Ueberweg, Friedrich, _History of Philosophy_, iv, 209 n. Understanding, in what its validity consists, according to Kant, 255–260. Unity, of Leibnitz, 122; a preëstablished harmony, 125; the intrinsic (philosophical), 125–129; the superimposed (theological), 129–131; cosmic, of Hegel, 322–326. Universal, concrete and abstract, 99, 100. Universe, Man’s relation to, in the Renaissance, 8–18; according to the Ptolemaic system, 33; according to the Copernican system, 34; the idea of the, according to Kant, 261, 264, 265; according to Schelling, 304, 311. _See_ New Man. Universities, in the Renaissance, 12; towns containing (map), 280. Utilitarianism, 43. Utopias, 41, 47. Van der Ende, his influence on Spinoza, 87, 89. Vienna, University of, 12. Voltaire, F. M. A. de, 208–210, 223.