Houten (Samuel van), Dutch Freethinker, b. Groningen. 17 Feb. 1837; he studied law and became a lawyer in that city. In '69 he was chosen member of the Dutch Parliament. Has published many writings on political economy. In '88 he wrote a book entitled Das Causalitätgesetz (The Law of Causality). Houston (George). Was the translator of d'Holbach's Ecce Homo, first published in Edinburgh in 1799, and sometimes ascribed to Joseph Webb. A second edition was issued in 1813. Houston was prosecuted and was imprisoned two years in Newgate, with a fine of £200. He afterwards went to New York, where he edited the Minerva (1822). In Jan. 1827, he started The Correspondence, which, we believe, was the first weekly Freethought journal published in America. It lasted till July 1828. He also republished Ecce Homo. Houston helped to establish in America a "Free Press Association" and a Society of Free Inquirers. Hovelacque (Abel), French scientist, b. Paris 14 Nov. 1843. He studied law and made part of the groupe of la Pensée Nouvelle, with Asseline, Letourneau, Lefevre, etc. He also studied anthropology under Broca and published many articles in the Revue d'Anthropologie. He founded with Letourneau, Thulié, Asseline, etc. The "Bibliothèque des sciences contemporains" and published therein La Linguistique. He also founded with the same the library of anthropological science and published in collaboration with G. Hervé a prècis of Anthropology and a study of the Negroes of Africa. He has also contributed to the Dictionary of Anthropology. For the "Bibliothèque Materialiste" he wrote a work on Primitive man. He has also published choice extracts from the works of Voltaire, Diderot and Rousseau, a grammar of the Zend language, and a work on the Avesta Zoroaster and Mazdaism. In '78 he was made a member of the municipal council of Paris, and in '81 was elected deputy to the chamber where he sits with the autonomist socialist group. Howdon (John), author of A Rational Investigation of the Principles of Natural Philosophy, Physical and Moral, printed at Haddington, 1840, in which he attacks belief in the Bible. Huber (Marie), Swiss Deist, b. of Protestant parents, Geneva, 1694. In a work on the System of Theologians, 1731, she opposed the dogma of eternal punishment. In '38 published Letters on the Religion essential to Man. This was translated into English in the same year. Other works show English reading. She translated selections from the Spectator. Died at Lyons, 13 June, 1753. Hudail (Abul). See Muhammad ibn Hudail (Al Allaf.) Huet (Coenraad Busken), Dutch writer, b. the Hague, 28 Dec. 1826. He became minister of the Walloon Church at Haarlem, but through his Freethought left the church in '63, and became editor of various newspapers, afterwards living in Paris. He wrote many works of literary value, and published Letters on the Bible, '57, etc. Died 1887.