Chenier (Marie Joseph de), French poet and miscellaneous writer, brother of the preceding, b. Constantinople, 28 Aug. 1764. He served two years in the army, and then applied himself to literature. His first successful drama, "Charles IX.," was produced in 1789, and was followed by others. He wrote many patriotic songs, and was made member of the Convention. He was a Voltairean, and in his Nouveaux Saints (1801) satirised those who returned to the old faith. He wrote many poems and an account of French literature. Died Paris, 10 Jan. 1811. Chernuishevsky or Tchernycheiosky (Nikolai Gerasimovich), Russian Nihilist, b. Saratof, 1829. Educated at the University of St. Petersburg, translated Mill's Political Economy, and wrote on Superstition and the Principles of Logic, '59. His bold romance, What is to be Done? was published '63. In the following year he was sentenced to the Siberian mines, where, after heartrending cruelties, he has become insane. Chesneau Du Marsais (César). See Dumarsais. Chevalier (Joseph Philippe), French chemist, b. Saint Pol, 21 March, 1806, is the author of an able book on "The Soul from the standpoint of Reason and Science," Paris, '61. He died at Amiens in 1865. Chies y Gomez (Ramon), Spanish Freethinker, b. Medina de Pomar, Burgos, 13 Oct. 1845. His father, a distinguished Republican, educated him without religion. In '65 Chies went to Madrid, and followed a course of law and philosophy at the University, and soon after wrote for a Madrid paper La Discusion. He took an active part in the Revolution of '65, and at the proclamation of the Republic, '73, became civil governor of Valencia. In '81 he founded a newspaper El Voto Nacional, and since '83 has edited Las Dominicales del Libre Pensamiento, which he also founded. Ramon Chies is one of the foremost Freethought champions in Spain and lectures as well as writes. Child (Lydia Maria) née Francis, American authoress, b. Medford, Mass., 11 Feb. 1802. She early commenced writing, publishing Hobomok, a Tale of Early Times, in '21. From '25 she kept a private school in Watertown until '28, when she married David Lee Child, a Boston lawyer. She, with him, edited the Anti-Slavery Standard, '41, etc., and by her numerous writings did much to form the opinion which ultimately prevailed. She was, however, long subjected to public odium, her heterodoxy being well known. Her principal work is The Progress of Religious Ideas, 3 vols.; '55. Died Wayland, Mass., 20 Oct. 1880. She was highly eulogised by Wendell Phillips. Chilton (William), of Bristol, was born in 1815. In early life he was a bricklayer, but in '41 he was concerned with Charles Southwell in starting the Oracle of Reason, which he set up in type, and of which he became one of the editors. He contributed some thoughtful articles on the Theory of Development to the Library of Reason, and wrote in the Movement and the Reasoner. Died at Bristol, 28 May, 1855.