Chubb (Thomas), English Deist, b. East Harnham, near Salisbury, 29 Sept. 1679, was one of the first to show Rationalism among the common people. Beginning by contending for the Supremacy of the Father, he gradually relinquished supernatural religion, and considered that Jesus Christ was of the religion of Thomas Chubb. Died 8 Feb. 1747, leaving behind two vols. which he calls A Farewell to his Readers, from which it appears that he rejected both revelation and special providence. Church (Henry Tyrell), lecturer and writer, edited Tallis's Shakespeare, wrote Woman and her Failings, 1858, and contributed to the Investigator when edited by Mr. Bradlaugh. Died 19 July, 1859. Clapiers (Luc de). See Vauvenargues. Claretie (Jules Armand Arsène), French writer, b. Limoges, 3 Dec. 1840. A prolific writer, of whose works we only cite Free Speech, '68; his biographies of contemporary celebrities; and his work Camille Desmoulins, '75. Clarke (John), brought up in the Methodist connection, changed his opinion by studying the Bible, and became one of Carlile's shopmen. He was tried 10 June, 1824, for selling a blasphemous libel in number 17, vol. ix., of The Republican, and after a spirited defence, in which he read many of the worst passages in the Bible, was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, and to find securities for good behavior during life. He wrote while in prison, A Critical Review of the Life, Character, and Miracles of Jesus, a work showing with some bitterness much bold criticism and Biblical knowledge. It first appeared in the Newgate Magazine and was afterwards published in book form, 1825 and '39. Clarke (Marcus), Australian writer, b. Kensington, 1847. Went to Victoria, '63; joined the staff of Melbourne Argus. In '76 was made assistant librarian of the Public Library. He has compiled a history of Australia, and written The Peripatetic Philosopher (a series of clever sketches), His Natural Life (a powerful novel), and some poems. An able Freethought paper, "Civilisation without Delusion," in the Victoria Review, Nov. '79, was replied to by Bishop Moorhouse. The reply, with Clarke's answer, which was suppressed, was published in '80. Died 1884. Claude-Constant, author of a Freethinkers' Catechism published at Paris in 1875. Clavel (Adolphe), French Positivist and physician, b. Grenoble, 1815. He has written on the Principles of 1789, on those of the nineteenth century, on Positive Morality, and some educational works. Clavel (F. T. B.), French author of a Picturesque History of Freemasonry, and also a Picturesque History of Religions, 1844, in which Christianity takes a subordinate place.