Transcriber’s Notes Small capitals in the original work have been transcribed as ALL CAPITALS; italics have been transcribed _between underscores_. A caret represents a subscript, as in 4^o. More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text. A BRIEF HISTORY OF FORESTRY. IN EUROPE, THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES BY Bernhard E. Fernow, LL.D. Dean, Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION UNIVERSITY PRESS TORONTO AND FORESTRY QUARTERLY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. COPYRIGHT, CANADA, 1911, BY B. E. FERNOW. _To My Friend of Many Years_ _ROSSITER W. RAYMOND_ _whose warm personal interest and enthusiastic patriotism have from their beginnings inspired my labors in forwarding forestry interests in the United States._ CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE ix INTRODUCTORY 1 THE FOREST OF THE ANCIENTS 8 1. Forest Conditions 9 2. Development of Forest Property 12 3. Forest Use 15 4. Literature 19 GERMANY 22 I. FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO END OF MIDDLE AGES 26 1. Development of Property Conditions 27 2. Forest Treatment 36 II. FIRST DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY METHODS (1500 TO 1800) 41 1. Development of Property Conditions 42 2. Forest Conditions 47 3. Methods of Restriction in Forest Use 49 4. Development of Forest Policy 52 5. Personnel 56 6. Development of Silviculture 57 7. Improvement of the Crop 67 8. Methods of Regulating Forest Management 68 9. Improvements in Methods of Mensuration 73 10. Methods of Lumbering and Utilization 77 11. Forest Administration 80 12. Forestry Schools 83 13. Forestry Literature 84