The building still stands in its original position at Athens, below
the eastern side of the Acropolis and a little to the north-east of
the theatre of Dionysos. In antiquity it stood in a street called "the
street of tripods" (Paus. i. 20, 1), because of the number of tripods
which were there dedicated to Dionysos. At least as early as the
15th century the building was popularly known as the Lantern of
Demosthenes. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was built into the
wall of the French Capuchin monastery, and the interior served as the
library of the Superior. The monastery was burnt in 1821, and the only
trace of it is in a few tombstones of French citizens lying near. The
monument now stands in an open square. Lord Elgin's casts are the best
record of the frieze, as the sculptures, which are of Pentelic marble,
have suffered considerably in the last ninety years.
The subject of the frieze here described is the victory of Dionysos
over the Tyrrhenian pirates who had kidnapped him from Chios with
the intention of selling him as a slave. The God revenged himself by
transforming the pirates into dolphins, a myth which is to be found
in the Homeric Hymn to Dionysos (No. vi.) and elsewhere (Ovid, _Met._
iii. 650; Nonnus, _Dionys._ xlv. 102; Philostr. _Im._ i. 19, &c. Cf.
_Gaz. Arch._ 1875, p. 7). In the frieze the moment is represented
when this transformation took place. According to Homer and most other
writers, the event happened on board the ship, and the pirates were
first terrified by a miraculous appearance of vines and wild beasts.
The sculptor has preferred to represent the scene as passing on the
rocky shore on which the pirates found Dionysos (_Hom. Hymn_, vi. l.
2) and has made Satyrs help in the vengeance. The subject is thus made
to adapt itself to the requirements of sculpture. For a vase with
a representation of the literary form of the legend, see Gerhard,
_Auserlesene Vasenbilder_, i., pl. 49; Harrison, _Mythology and
Monuments of Anc. Athens_, p. 251. An intaglio, with a pirate half
transformed, as on the frieze, is engraved in the _Gaz. Arch._ 1875,
p. 13.
It is convenient to take the architectural remains of Athens
consecutively, and the monument of Lysicrates has therefore been
inserted in this place. But the accurately ascertained date (335 B.C.)
is a century later than the Parthenon, and it is easy to discern the
change that has taken place. The form of Dionysos is becoming softer
and more effeminate. The Satyrs on tip-toe belong to a scheme not
introduced in the 5th century sculpture; more free play of humour
is admitted. At the same time Attic schemes of composition present
themselves, which had already come into use in the time of Pheidias.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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